. 2017 Jan 20;4:2. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00002

Table 2.

Vasopressor use in high risk pregnancy compared to normal pregnancy undergoing Cesarean delivery.

Reference	Participants	N	IV preload	Neuraxial anesthesia medication	Upper sensory level	Non-invasive BP monitoring	Definitions of hypotension	Intervention	Outcomes
Reference	Participants	N	IV preload	Neuraxial anesthesia medication	Upper sensory level	Non-invasive BP monitoring	Definitions of hypotension	Intervention	Hemodynamics	IV fluid	Vasopressor
Aya et al. (35)	Severe preeclamptics	N = 30	1,500–2,000 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution over 20 min	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 8–12 mg + SUF 3–5 µg + MO 100 µg	T4 (T3–T5)	2-min intervals from SAB for 30 min and then at 5-min intervals until the end of the surgery	SBP < 100 mmHg in healthy parturients or 30% decrease in mean BP (in both groups)	E 6 mg bolus repeated every 2 min	Lower incidence of hypotension in preeclamptic group	Smaller preload volume in preeclamptic group	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group
Aya et al. (35)	Healthy parturients	N = 30	1,500–2,000 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution over 20 min		T4 (T2–T5)			E 6 mg bolus repeated every 2 min	Incidence of heart rate (HR) changes <20% was similar	Smaller preload volume in preeclamptic group	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group

Aya et al. (36)	Severe preeclamptics	N = 65	1,500–2,000 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution over 20 min	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 8–12 mg + SUF 3–5 µg + MO 100 µg	T4 (T3–T5)	2-min intervals from SAB for 30 min and then at 5-min intervals until the end of the surgery	SBP < 100 mmHg in healthy parturients or 30% decrease in mean BP (in both groups)	E 6 mg bolus repeated every 2 min	Lower incidence of hypotension in preeclamptic group	No significant differences between groups	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group
Aya et al. (36)	Preterm pregnancies	N = 71	1,500–2,000 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution over 20 min		T4 (T2–T5)			E 6 mg bolus repeated every 2 min	Incidence of HR changes <20% was similar	No significant differences between groups	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group

Nikooseresht et al. (40)	Severe preeclamptics	N = 43	10 mL/kg of Ringer’s lactate solution over 15–20 min	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg + SUF 2.5–3 µg	T4 (T2–T5)	2-min intervals from SAB for 15 min and then at 5-min intervals until the end of the surgery	SBP < 100 mmHg in healthy parturients or 25% decrease in mean BP (in both groups)	E 5 mg bolus	Lower incidence of hypotension in preeclamptic group	Smaller volumes of intravenous fluids in preeclamptic group	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group
Nikooseresht et al. (40)	Healthy parturients	N = 37	10 mL/kg of Ringer’s lactate solution over 15–20 min	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg + SUF 2.5–3 µg	T4 (T2–T5)			E 5 mg bolus	Lower incidence of hypotension in preeclamptic group	Smaller volumes of intravenous fluids in preeclamptic group	Less ephedrine requirement in preeclamptic group

James et al. (41)	Term pregnancy	N = 25	15 mL/kg of crystalloid solution	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 11.25 mg + EPI 2% lignocaine with ADR	T3	Not reported	SBP < 70% of the baseline	Not reported	Lower incidence of hypotension in preterm group	Not reported	Not reported
James et al. (41)	Preterm pregnancy	N = 25	15 mL/kg of crystalloid solution		T4	Not reported	SBP < 70% of the baseline	Not reported	Lower incidence of hypotension in preterm group	Not reported	Not reported

Ngan Kee et al. (43)	Multiple gestation pregnancy	N = 40	20 mL/kg lactated Ringer’s solution over 15–20 min	SAB with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg + FEN 15 µg	T4 (T2–T5)	1-min intervals from SAB until uterine incision	SBP < 80% of the baseline	MET infusion 0.25 mg/min + MET bolus 0.5 mg	No differences in the incidences of hypotension	Not reported	No differences in total dose of MET
	Multiple gestation pregnancy	N = 40			T4 (T3–T4)
	Singleton pregnancy	N = 60			T4 (T3–T4)

BP, blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SAB, subarachnoid block; EPI, epidural block; SUF, sufentanil; MO, morphine; FEN, fentanyl; ADR, adrenaline (1:2,000,000); PE, phenylephrine; E, ephedrine; MET, metaraminol.