Table 2.

Overlap of genes more highly expressed in the abdomens of M. genalis workers than queens and three independent studies of selection across bees. Woodard et al. [18] genes are those identified as rapidly evolving in highly eusocial lineages of bees. Harpur et al. [19] genes are those with signatures of positive selection in A. mellifera. Kapheim et al. [20] genes are those undergoing positive selection across two independent origins of eusociality. Gene lists were restricted to those that had a putative orthologue in M. genalis (based on BLAST reciprocal best hit) and were expressed in the abdomen of M. genalis females. RF: Representation Factor, p-value is from hypergeometric test of overlap. GO terms listed are from PANTHER overrepresentation tests (Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05).

source	genes under selection	no. W > Q	RF	p-value	GO enrichment
Woodard et al.	130	50	1.3	0.015	cellular amino acid metabolic process
Harpur et al.	639	254	1.4	<0.0001	respiratory electron transport chain, generation of precursor metabolites and energy
Kapheim et al.	70	28	1.5	0.014	none