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Influence of speech pitch on dogs' behavioural reaction to playback. X-axis = mean pitch of the played back sequence; Y-axis = dogs' behavioural reaction represented as a principal component score PC1 (higher values mean stronger reaction to the playback signal). Green triangles: reactions of puppies (aged two to five months); brown lozenges: reactions of adult dogs (aged 13–48 months). Solid lines = linear fits; grey shaded areas = confidence intervals. (Online version in colour.)
