Table 2. Insecticidal toxicities of five essential oils against P. shantungensis adults and nymphs at 48 and 72 h exposure times (LC50 is the average of 3 determinations, with 30 nymphs and 20 adults per replication).
| Plant species | Times (h) | Stage | LC50 (95% CI) (mg/L) | LC90 (95% CI) (mg/L) | Slope ± SE | χ2 (df, P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea millefolium | 48 | Nymphs | 175.36 (164.30–192.34) | 321.85 (278.58–363.65) | 4.24 ± 0.54 | 13.087 (9, 0.159) |
| Adults | 186.25 (167.17–216.40) | 344.01 (302.71–384.83) | 4.77 ± 0.76 | 2.028 (5, 0.567) | ||
| 72 | Nymphs | 125.78 (107.04–144.47) | 295.63 (251.52–348.74) | 2.67 ± 0.50 | 7.658 (7, 0.364) | |
| Adults | 153.74 (130.22–168.54) | 310.85 (269.60–353.03) | 4.44 ± 0.98 | 1.643 (6, 0.949) | ||
| Citrus aurantium | 48 | Nymphs | 118.92 (107.50–130.78) | 288.36 (242.84–325.66) | 3.69 ± 0.49 | 9.361 (8, 0.313) |
| Adults | 156.24 (137.03–176.48) | 306.76 (260.59–357.97) | 4.11 ± 0.91 | 1.020 (5, 0.797) | ||
| 72 | Nymphs | 92.58 (84.10–104.01) | 205.24 (174.76–243.89) | 4.12 ± 0.71 | 1.971 (6, 0.922) | |
| Adults | 113.26 (97.91–129.13) | 280.21 (241.79–315.32) | 3.30 ± 0.48 | 4.315 (5. 0.505) | ||
| Leptospermum petersonii | 48 | Nymphs | 154.31 (138.86–177.13) | 298.25 (257.98–331.83) | 4.31 ± 0.68 | 2.198 (5, 0.821) |
| Adults | 177.56 (165.10–197.61) | 346.16 (273.58–406.17) | 4.88 ± 0.75 | 2.866 (6, 0.825) | ||
| 72 | Nymphs | 113.26 (100.65–125.14) | 234.57 (199.72–262.90) | 3.34 ± 0.50 | 3.683 (8, 0.885) | |
| Adults | 145.06 (128.87–167.76) | 283.90 (237.47–332.61) | 3.64 ± 0.49 | 2.244 (5, 0.815) | ||
| Ruta graveolens | 48 | Nymphs | 114.23 (99.90–129.09) | 240.42 (208.33–274.18) | 2.94 ± 0.47 | 4.459 (8, 0.814) |
| Adults | 146.74 (125.80–163.64) | 277.85 (238.57–315.48) | 4.06 ± 0.74 | 2.687 (5, 0.611) | ||
| 72 | Nymphs | 84.44 (76.71–93.21) | 159.53 (138.09–191.87) | 3.72 ± 0.48 | 4.842 (8, 0.774) | |
| Adults | 109.86 (95.67–122.98) | 258.44 (223.68–297.40) | 4.01 ± 0.61 | 1.605 (5, 0.808) | ||
| Thymus vulgaris | 48 | Nymphs | 78.54 (67.96–89.65) | 155.97 (132.75–186.02) | 3.23 ± 0.51 | 4.570 (5, 0.471) |
| Adults | 108.62 (94.60–127.77) | 274.87 (227.14–313.14) | 3.81 ± 0.56 | 3.375 (5, 0.497) | ||
| 72 | Nymphs | 57.48 (50.34–65.74) | 122.24 (105.24–153.40) | 3.06 ± 0.40 | 3.320 (7, 0.854) | |
| Adults | 75.80 (61.90–86.23) | 139.93 (122.02–166.61) | 3.89 ± 0.56 | 4.095 (5. 0.393) | ||
| Negative Control | 48 | Nymphs | —5 | — | — | |
| Adults | — | — | — | |||
| 72 | Nymphs | — | — | — | ||
| Adults | — | — | — |