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. 2017 Jan 20;7:41022. doi: 10.1038/srep41022

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Orange line shows photon energy and red line shows photosynthetic activity. Photosynthesis actively occurs when sufficient CO₂ is available (CO₂-saturated photosynthesis, double-headed black arrow). Under CO₂-limited photosynthesis (double-headed blue arrow), excess photon energy accumulates in a photosynthetic electron transport system located on the thylakoid membranes, which causes the production of reactive oxygen species.