Figure 5. Representative TEM images showing the autophagy in the neuronal cell body of the cerebral cortex following chronic RF-EMF exposure.

(A) Ultrastructural comparison of autophagy between control and RF-exposed mice. Representative TEM micrographs were acquired from sham control (a) and RF-exposed mice for 12 weeks (b), respectively. In RF-exposed mice, numerous autophagosome (Ap) and autolysosome (Aly) were observed in difference with its sham control. (B) A series of autophagic flux process in cerebral cortical neurons after RF-EMF exposure for 12 weeks. (a) Phagophore containing fragments of cytoplasmic organelles; (b) Early autophagosome; (c) Late autophagosome; (d) Early Autolysosome; and (e) Late autolysosome. Abbreviations are: Ap, autophagosome; Aly, autolysosome; G, Golgi apparatus; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; Ph, phagophore; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum. Size bars: 1 μm (A) and 500 nm (B).