Table 4.
Cox proportional hazard model of determinants of childhood mortality in Nigeria
| Background characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CIoHR) | HR (95% CIoHR) | HR (95% CIoHR) | HR (95% CIoHR) | |
| Housing materiala | ||||
| Inadequate | 1.46 (1.24–1.71)a | 1.36 (1.16–1.60)a | 1.25 (1.05–1.49)b | 1.03 (0.82–1.27) |
| Moderate | 1.23 (1.02–1.47)a | 1.20 (1.03–1.44)b | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) |
| Adequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Sex of the child | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Female | 0.82 (0.72–0.92)a | 0.82 (0.72–0.92)a | 0.80 (0.69–0.92)b | |
| Size at birth | ||||
| Small | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Average | 0.76 (0.64–0.89)a | 0.76 (0.64–0.90)a | 0.81 (0.66–0.98)c | |
| Larger than average | 0.69 (0.52–0.81)a | 0.70 (0.59–0.83)a | 0.77 (0.63–0.93)b | |
| Prenatal care provider | ||||
| None | 1.11 (0.87–1.40) | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) | ||
| Unskilled | 1.78 (1.06–2.98)b | 1.95 (0.99–3.82) | ||
| Semi-skilled | 1.23 (0.97–1.57) | 1.28 (0.97–1.69) | ||
| Skilled | 1 | 1 | ||
| Delivery assistance | ||||
| None | 1.14 (0.79–1.66) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) | ||
| Unskilled | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | ||
| Semi-skilled | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.83 (0.55–1.23) | ||
| Skilled | 1 | 1 | ||
| Tetanus injection | ||||
| None | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | ||
| At least one | 1 | 1 | ||
| Number of antenatal visits | ||||
| None | 1.01 (0.32–1.35) | 1.02 (0.31–1.39) | ||
| 1–3 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | ||
| 4+ | 1 | 1 | ||
| Toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Unimproved | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1st | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2–3 | 3.80 (1.94–7.42)a | 3.80 (1.94–7.42)a | 3.61 (1.46–8.88)b | |
| 4–5 | 4.44 (2.21–8.89)a | 4.44 (2.21–8.89)a | 3.80 (1.49–9.68)b | |
| 6+ | 6.47 (3.24–12.91)a | 6.47 (3.24–12.91)a | 4.93 (1.92–12.60)b | |
| Cooking fuel | ||||
| Clean | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Biomass | 1.31 (1.06–1.62)a | 1.22 (0.99–1.51)b | 1.16 (0.94–1.44) | 0.81 (0.56–1.18) |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 1 | 1 | ||
| Others | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 0.71 (0.09–5.11) | ||
| Health facility | 0.47 (0.65–3.44) | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | ||
| Age group | ||||
| 15–24 | 1 | |||
| 25–29 | 0.97 (0.76–1.22) | |||
| 30–34 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | |||
| 35–39 | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | |||
| Source of drinking water | ||||
| Improved | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Unimproved | 1.05 (0.93–1.20) | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 1.02 (0.90–1.17) | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) |
| Geopolitical zones | ||||
| North Central | 1.13 (0.69–1.84) | |||
| North East | 1.57 (0.96–2.55) | |||
| North West | 1.85 (1.11–3.05)c | |||
| South East | 2.54 (0.87–7.37) | |||
| South South | 1.29 (0.77–2.13) | |||
| South West | 1 | |||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||
| 7–23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 24–35 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96)b | 0.81 (0.68–0.97)b | 0.82 (0.67–0.99)c | |
| 36–59 | 0.64 (0.53–0.77)a | 0.65 (0.53–0.78)a | 0.64 (0.51–0.79)a | |
| 60+ | 0.69 (0.53–0.89)a | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 0.57 (0.41–0.79)b | |
| 1st birth | 4.39 (2.23–8.63)a | 4.56 (2.31–8.99)a | 3.91 (1.57–9.70)b | |
| Place of Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | |||
| Rural | 1.23 (0.87–2.54) | |||
| Highest educational level | ||||
| None | 1.73 (0.85–3.52) | |||
| Primary | 1.94 (0.96–3.89) | |||
| Secondary | 1.51 (0.76–2.96) | |||
| Tertiary | 1 | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hausa/Fulani | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | |||
| Igbo | 0.69 (0.26–1.79) | |||
| Yoruba | 0.82 (0.46–1.45) | |||
| Others | 1 | |||
| Media exposure | ||||
| None | 1 | |||
| Low | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | |||
| Medium | 1.05 (0.82–1.33) | |||
| High | 1.01 (0.62–1.61) | |||
| Marital status | ||||
| Never in union | 1 | |||
| Currently in union | 0.65 (0.42–0.99)c | |||
| Formerly in union | 1.01 (0.59–1.71) | |||
HR hazard ratio, CIoHR confidence interval of hazard ratio
aSignificant at 0.1%; bSignificant at 1.0%; cSignificant at 5.0%