Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of those with no dementia SMQ, those with the narrow SMQs, and those with the broad SMQs in PARADIGM‐HF and ATMOSPHERE combined
| No dementia (n = 15 028) | With dementia | P‐value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Narrow SMQs (n = 80) | Broad SMQs (n = 307) | Narrow vs. none | Broad vs. none | ||
| Age, years | 63.4 ± 11.6 | 75.4 ± 7.2 | 68.4 ± 10.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 11748 (78.2) | 58 (72.5) | 252 (82.1) | 0.221 | 0.100 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.002 | <0.001 | |||
| White | 9818 (65.6) | 68 (86.1) | 250 (82.0) | ||
| Black | 526 (3.5) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (3.3) | ||
| Asian | 3238 (21.6) | 8 (10.1) | 27 (8.9) | ||
| Other | 1395 (9.3) | 2 (2.5) | 18 (5.9) | ||
| Region, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| North America | 722 (4.8) | 5 (6.3) | 52 (16.9) | ||
| Latin America | 2512 (16.7) | 3 (3.8) | 37 (12.1) | ||
| Western Europe | 3725 (24.8) | 39 (48.8) | 138 (45.0) | ||
| Central Europe | 4700 (31.3) | 25 (31.3) | 45 (14.7) | ||
| Asia or Pacific region | 3369 (22.4) | 8 (10.0) | 35 (11.4) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 4.8 | 28.4 ± 6.1 | 0.296 | 0.041 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | |||||
| Systolic | 122.4 ± 16.7 | 128.0 ± 16.9 | 122.6 ± 18.0 | 0.003 | 0.789 |
| Diastolic | 75.3 ± 10.7 | 75.6 ± 10.5 | 72.9 ± 10.9 | 0.798 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 72.1 ± 12.3 | 71.8 ± 12.7 | 70.5 ± 11.8 | 0.823 | 0.026 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 29.0 ± 6.0 | 30.4 ± 6.3 | 28.7 ± 6.4 | 0.042 | 0.322 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | 0.321 | 0.609 | |||
| I | 554 (3.7) | 1 (1.3) | 7 (2.3) | ||
| II | 10 489 (69.9) | 53 (66.3) | 217 (70.7) | ||
| III | 3855 (25.7) | 26 (32.5) | 80 (26.1) | ||
| IV | 117 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 8723 (58.0) | 55 (68.8) | 188 (61.2) | 0.053 | 0.262 |
| HF duration, n (%) | 0.522 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤1 year | 4799 (31.9) | 21 (26.3) | 64 (20.8) | ||
| >1 year and ≤5 years | 5678 (37.8) | 34 (42.5) | 113 (36.8) | ||
| >5 years | 4547 (30.3) | 25 (31.3) | 130 (42.3) | ||
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 0.255 | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoked | 7955 (52.9) | 47 (58.8) | 119 (38.8) | ||
| Ex‐smoker | 5018 (33.4) | 27 (33.8) | 140 (45.6) | ||
| Current smoker | 2055 (13.7) | 6 (7.5) | 48 (15.6) | ||
| Alcohol habita, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.010 | |||
| <1 drink per day | 13 226 (88.0) | 59 (73.8) | 257 (83.7) | ||
| 1–2 drinks per day | 1467 (9.8) | 18 (22.5) | 36 (11.7) | ||
| ≥3 drinks per day | 333 (2.2) | 3 (3.8) | 14 (4.6) | ||
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Previous HF hospitalization | 9224 (61.4) | 42 (52.5) | 196 (63.8) | 0.104 | 0.380 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6283 (41.8) | 38 (47.5) | 160 (52.1) | 0.303 | <0.001 |
| Angina | 3908 (26.0) | 23 (28.7) | 92 (30.0) | 0.577 | 0.118 |
| Stable angina | 3031 (20.2) | 18 (22.5) | 58 (18.9) | 0.604 | 0.581 |
| Unstable angina | 1655 (11.0) | 7 (8.8) | 59 (19.2) | 0.519 | <0.001 |
| CABG | 2190 (14.6) | 17 (21.3) | 74 (24.1) | 0.092 | <0.001 |
| PCI | 3085 (20.5) | 20 (25.0) | 75 (24.4) | 0.324 | 0.094 |
| Hypertension | 9998 (66.5) | 64 (80.0) | 210 (68.4) | 0.011 | 0.491 |
| Diabetes | 4719 (31.4) | 13 (16.3) | 119 (38.8) | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5301 (35.3) | 45 (56.3) | 135 (44.0) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 1166 (7.8) | 8 (10.0) | 43 (14.0) | 0.455 | <0.001 |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 446 (3.0) | 8 (10.0) | 24 (7.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 628 (4.2) | 9 (11.3) | 21 (6.8) | 0.002 | 0.022 |
| Asthma | 504 (3.4) | 5 (6.3) | 18 (5.9) | 0.152 | 0.016 |
| COPD | 1787 (11.9) | 17 (21.3) | 63 (20.5) | 0.010 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm | 190 (1.3) | 2 (2.5) | 6 (2.0) | 0.325 | 0.287 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Digitalis | 4687 (31.2) | 21 (26.3) | 73 (23.8) | 0.342 | 0.006 |
| Diuretic | 12 026 (80.0) | 64 (80.0) | 246 (80.1) | 0.996 | 0.963 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB before entry | 12 781 (85.0) | 60 (75.0) | 248 (80.8) | 0.012 | 0.038 |
| Beta‐blocker | 13 886 (92.4) | 69 (86.3) | 288 (93.8) | 0.039 | 0.355 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 7128 (47.4) | 23 (28.7) | 122 (39.7) | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 8380 (55.8) | 34 (42.5) | 189 (61.6) | 0.017 | 0.043 |
| Aspirin | 7747 (51.6) | 29 (36.3) | 174 (56.7) | 0.006 | 0.075 |
| Anticoagulant | 4644 (30.9) | 38 (47.5) | 121 (39.4) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Lipid‐lowering agent | 8202 (54.6) | 45 (56.3) | 201 (65.5) | 0.765 | <0.001 |
| Pacemaker | 1718 (11.4) | 14 (17.5) | 68 (22.1) | 0.089 | <0.001 |
| CRT | 920 (6.1) | 5 (6.3) | 42 (13.7) | 0.962 | <0.001 |
| ICD | 2181 (14.5) | 17 (21.3) | 93 (30.3) | 0.088 | <0.001 |
| 12‐lead ECG, n (%) | |||||
| QRS duration | 116.9 ± 35.1 | 112.2 ± 33.1 | 129.7 ± 47.1 | 0.237 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3538 (23.7) | 29 (36.7) | 70 (23.0) | 0.007 | 0.769 |
| Left bundle branch block | 2987 (20.0) | 12 (15.2) | 83 (27.2) | 0.288 | 0.002 |
| Right bundle branch block | 1114 (7.5) | 2 (2.5) | 22 (7.2) | 0.096 | 0.874 |
| Q waves | 2636 (17.6) | 15 (19.0) | 49 (16.1) | 0.754 | 0.476 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 2706 (18.1) | 10 (12.7) | 39 (12.8) | 0.210 | 0.017 |
| Paced rhythm | 1624 (10.9) | 14 (17.7) | 65 (21.3) | 0.051 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory measures | |||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 70.7 ± 22.2 | 63.4 ± 16.6 | 66.9 ± 21.9 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 4759 (31.7) | 34 (42.5) | 117 (38.2) | 0.262 | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.08 ± 0.29 | 1.12 ± 0.29 | 1.14 ± 0.32 | 0.038 | 0.017 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mLb | 1410 (768–2770) | 1595 (910–3003) | 1679 (859–3201) | 0.421 | 0.019 |
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SMQ, Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Query.
a
One drink equals 12 fluid ounces of beer, 8 fluid ounces of malt liquor, 5 fluid ounces of wine, or 1.5 fluid ounces or a ‘shot’ of 80‐proof distilled spirits or liquor (e.g. gin, rum, vodka, or whiskey).
b
NT‐proBNP was reported as median and interquartile range.