Table 5. Differences in cardiovascular health and physical activity by health club membership.
| Outcome | Health Club Membership | Health Club Membership >1 yeara | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | p-value | B (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Cardiovascular Healthb | ||||
| Resting Heart Rate (b/min) | -4.8 (-6.8, -2.8) | <0.001 | -5.3 (-7.4, -3.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness (mL of O2/kg/min) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.5) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | <0.001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | -0.7 (-3.2, 1.7) | 0.56 | -0.4 (-3.1, 2.3) | 0.79 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | -1.0 (-2.7, 0.6) | 0.23 | -0.5 (-2.3, 1.3) | 0.60 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | -0.3 (-1.3, 0.7) | 0.50 | -0.8 (-1.9, 0.3) | 0.16 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | ||||
| Male | -3.1 (-6.5, 0.3) | 0.07 | -4.0 (-7.8, -0.2) | 0.04 |
| Female | -2.1 (-5.4, 1.3) | 0.22 | -3.4 (-6.9, 0.2) | 0.06 |
| Physical Activityc | ||||
| Aerobic Activity (hours/week) | 5.8 (4.7, 6.8) | <0.001 | 6.6 (5.4, 7.8) | <0.001 |
| Resistance Activity (times/week) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.6, 3.1) | <0.001 |
| Sedentary Time (hours/week) | -1.4 (-1.9, -0.8) | <0.001 | -1.3 (-1.9, -0.7) | <0.001 |
CI: confidence interval;
In all multivariable linear regressions, we used non-members as reference group.
a In this subsample analyses, we included health club members with over one year of membership.
b Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (not for body mass index or waist circumference), smoking status, disease presence (yes or no), dieting for weight loss, and heavy alcohol consumption.
c Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index.