Table 1.

Individual markers of OA progression and initiation.

Markers of OA progression [109–113,115–117]

Hyaluronic acid

C-telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II)

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein

Keratan sulfate KS-5D4

Urinary type II collagen-related epitopes (uC2C)

Transforming growth factor β-1

Type II procollagen carboxy-propeptide

Chondroitin sulfate epitopes WF6

Serum C-propeptide of type II procollagen (sCPII)

Markers of pre-ROA* [122]

uCTX-II:sCPII

uC2C:sCPII

Miscellaneous markers [109,117,120]

Serum C-terminal crosslinked

Telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I)

Serum osteocalcin

Glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline

OPG;OPG/RANKL ratio

^*ROA: radiographic OA.