Table 3.
Characteristics of patients by AMPT Score assignment and actual transport mode concordance
| AMPT triage HEMS | AMPT triage GEMS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| HEMS n = 9,289 |
GEMS n = 15,039 |
p value | HEMS n = 35,062 |
GEMS n = 163,437 |
p value | |
| Age [years; med (IQR)] | 40 (24, 55) | 40 (25, 58) | <0.001 | 41 (25, 56) | 53 (34, 76) | <0.001 |
| Sex [n (%) male] | 30,965 (70) | 104,890 (59) | <0.001 | 24,193 (69) | 94,793 (58) | <0.001 |
| Insurance Status [n (%)] | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Commercial | 6,557 (72) | 7,283 (49) | 24,894 (71) | 76,815 (47) | ||
| Subsidized/None | 2,604 (28) | 7,571 (51) | 10,168 (29) | 86,622 (53) | ||
| Race [n (%)] | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 8,387 (93) | 9,727 (68) | 32,608 (93) | 130,750 (80) | ||
| Non-White | 606 (7) | 4,583 (32) | 2,454 (7) | 32,687 (20) | ||
| Number of comorbidities [med (IQR)] | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 2) | <0.001 | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 3) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital response time [mins; med (IQR)] | 15 (11, 20) | 7 (4, 9) | <0.001 | 15 (11, 20) | 7 (4, 11) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital scene time [mins; med (IQR)] | 20 (13, 28) | 13 (9, 17) | <0.001 | 15 (11, 20) | 15 (11, 20) | 0.004 |
| Prehospital transport time [mins; med (IQR)] | 17 (13, 22) | 13 (9, 20) | <0.001 | 17 (13, 24) | 17 (11, 26) | <0.001 |
| Total prehospital time [mins; med (IQR)] | 55 (45, 66) | 33 (24, 44) | <0.001 | 50 (41, 61) | (41 (31, 52) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital level of care [n (%) ALS] | 9,156 (99) | 13,932 (92) | <0.001 | 33,660 (96) | 117,675 (72) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital intubation [n (%)] | 4,456 (48) | 1,221 (8) | <0.001 | 1,402 (4) | 161 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital crystalloid volume [n (%)] | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 243 (3) | 2,710 (20) | 1,752 (5) | 71,850 (44) | ||
| <500mL | 2,749 (33) | 3,979 (30) | 18,930 (54) | 47,359 (29) | ||
| 500–2000mL | 3,982 (48) | 3,199 (24) | 10,172 (29) | 16,296 (10) | ||
| >2000mL | 379 (5) | 110 (1) | 351 (1) | 151 (0.1) | ||
| Unknown volume | 898 (11) | 3,393 (25) | 3,857 (11) | 27,781 (17) | ||
| Prehospital RR<10 or >29bpm [n (%)] | 4,568 (49) | 5,962 (40) | <0.001 | 344 (1) | 1,634 (1) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital GCS≤13 [n (%)] | 6,458 (70) | 9,760 (65) | <0.001 | 4,558 (13) | 17,978 (11) | <0.001 |
| Unstable chest wall fractures [n (%)] | 2,968 (32) | 4,991 (33) | 0.046 | 1,052 (3) | 3,269 (2) | <0.001 |
| Paralysis [n (%)] | 292 (3) | 408 (3) | 0.051 | 355 (1) | 327 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Hemothorax or Pneumothorax [n (%)] | 4,757 (51) | 7,248 (48) | <0.001 | 3,156 (9) | 8,171 (5) | <0.001 |
| Multisystem injury [n (%)] | 2,771 (30) | 3,105 (21) | <0.001 | 701 (2) | 1,530 (1) | <0.001 |
| PHY + ANA injury [n (%)] | 3,271 (35) | 7,344 (49) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Surgery within 24hrs for hemorrhage or craniotomy [n (%)] | 1,819 (20) | 3,236 (22) | <0.001 | 2,104 (6) | 8,027 (5) | <0.001 |
| Number of complications [med (IQR)] | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | <0.001 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | <0.001 |
| ISS [med (IQR)] | 27 (17, 35) | 24 (14, 34) | <0.001 | 11 (6, 17) | 9 (5, 14) | <0.001 |
| Survival [n (%)] | 7,183 (77) | 9,956 (66) | <0.001 | 34,010 (97) | 158,535 (97) | 0.170 |
HEMS, helicopter emergency medical services; GEMS, ground emergency medical services; ALS, advanced life support; RR, respiratory rate; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; PHY + ANA, any one physiologic criterion plus any one anatomic criterion