Table 2.

Biopsychosocial impact of civic service program completion on OEF/OIF U.S. military veterans (N=346).

Outcome Measures	n	Time 1 Mean (SD)	Time 2 Mean (SD)	Scale range and directionality	Mean change	Z (2-tailed)	P	d
Health Domain

Perceived Overall Health^a	331	2.67 (1.07)	2.46 (1.08)	1 (+) to 5 (−)	0.21	-	-	0.20

Perceived Physical Health Interference^a	327	1.64 (0.70)	1.56 (0.72)	1 (+) to 4 (−)	0.08	-	-	0.11

Perceived Emotional Health Interference^a	326	1.90 (0.86)	1.73 (0.75)	1 (+) to 4 (−)	0.18	-	-	0.21

Mental Health Domain

PTSD Screen	327	1.84 (1.72)	1.49 (1.65)	0 (+) to 4 (−)	0.35	−3.83^b	0.000^*	0.21
Depression Screen	328	1.78 (1.67)	1.42 (1.49)	0 (+) to 6 (−)	0.36	−3.79^b	0.000^*	0.23

Psychosocial Domain

Belief that Life Holds Purpose and Meaning	326	63.02 (11.57)	64.35 (11.17)	14 (−) to 84 (+)	−1.33	−3.03^c	0.002^*	−0.12
Self-Efficacy	326	33.11 (5.01)	34.05 (4.83)	10(−) to 40(+)	−0.94	−3.16^c	0.002^*	−0.19
Social Isolation and Loneliness	327	44.71 (12.01)	41.47 (12.15)	20 (+) to 80 (−)	3.23	−5.92^b	0.000^*	0.27
Perceived Availability of Social Support	329	34.54 (8.37)	36.54 (7.69)	12 (−) to 48 (+)	−2.01	−5.07^b	0.000^*	−0.25

Note. Time 1 reflects the time period before the start of the civic service program and Time 2 is at program completion. For scale range and directionality column, the possible score range is shown and (-) or (+) denotes whether the high or low score is associated with negative or positive outcomes, respectively. Z statistic is from Wilcoxon-signed rank test (2-tailed, α = 0.05);

variable analyzed for statistical significance with McNemar's test and reported in text;

based on positive ranks;

based on negative ranks;

denotes significance at the 0.05 alpha level.

Cohen's d effect sizes = small (0.2), medium (0.5), large (0.8).