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Treatment strategies for targeting CSCs

Cancer types	Therapeutic strategies	Examples	Limitation
Solid tumor	Targeting specific surface biomarkers	CD133, CD13, CD24	Provided that CSCs and normal stem cells share many common characteristics, the treatments for targeting CSCs could also have side effects on normal stem cells
	Targeting abnormal signaling pathways	Cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine), the prototype of Hh pathway-specific inhibitors; iCG001, which selectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling; γ-secretase inhibitors, which block notch signaling
	Targeting the stem cell niche	Adoptive therapy with ALDH1A1-specific CD8+ T cells eliminates ALDH bright cells
	Inducing differentiation	Oncostatin M induces EpCAM+ liver CSCs to differentiate into a hepatocytic lineage, making CSCs more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil
Hematologic neoplasm	Targeting specific surface biomarkers	CD133, CD44, CD47, CD123, CLL-1
	Targeting abnormal signaling pathways	Inhibitor of BTK, ibrutinib, inhibits Wnt/β-catenin and AKT signaling