Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study author, yr of publication [ref No] | country | type 1 DM | male/female | mean age of T1DM, yr | control(N) | fasting on collection | saliva collection | salivary glucose measurement | outcome (compared with controls) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harrison, 1987 [26] | USA | 30 | NA | 4–19 | healthy controls (30) age, sex, race matched | 1 h | stimulated | GOD | Salivary glucose, IgA, protein: significantly higher in T1DM More higher in uncontrolled T1DM |
| Darwazeh, 1991 [27] | UK | 41 T1DM(17) & T2DM (24) | 23/18 | 52 ± 16 | non-diabetic (34) | unstimulated | enzymaticb | Salivary glucose: significantly higher in DM Salivary glucose & blood glucose concentration related. |
|
| Anderson, 1998 [28] | Sweden | Study A 10 (IGT: 10 (T2DM). Study B T1DM or T2DM (15); T2DM (9) |
All males | Study A: 36–58; Study B: 32–76 | healthy adults (24) 12 in A 12 in B. |
10 h (overnight). | stimulated | enzymaticb | glucose in parotid saliva is elevated at least 2 h after glucose/ food intake in individuals with DM. |
| Belazi, 1998 [29] | Greece | 10 | 5/5 | 4–15 years | healthy children (10) 5–17 years |
2 h | unstimulated | GOD-POD | salivary flow rates: no difference salivary and serum glucose: significantly higher in T1DM. |
| Lopez, 2003 [10] | Argentina | 20 | 11/9 | 3–15 | controls (21) 5–12-years |
8 h, except 2 h in 3 patients |
unstimulated | GOD | salivary flow rate :diminished in DM Total sugars, glucose, urea, total proteins: greater in DM calcium values: decreased. Diabetic children have higher DMFT |
| Panchbhai, 2010 [30] | India | 11 (Grp 1) + 8 (Grp 2) = 20 | 22/18 (Grp 1); 25/15 (Grp 2) | 26–62 (Grp 1); 13–69 (Grp 2) | healthy non-DM (40) | 2 h | unstimulated & stimulated | GOD | salivary glucose levels: significantly elevated in DM salivary amylase levels : significant decreases in DM |
| Vaziri,2010 [12] | Iran | 40 | 19/11 | 9–61 | healthy adults (40) T2DM(40) | overnight | unstimulated | Pars a | Salivary IgA: no difference Salivary glucose: no difference Salivary flow rate: significantly lower in diabetic patients DMFT: higher in diabetic than controls |
| Nagalaxmi, 2011 [31] | India | 50 | 28/22 | 7–20 | controls (50), age & sex-matched | NA | unstimulated | GOPD | Significant positive correlation between salivary & serum glucose in T1DM |
| Behal, 2012 [32] | India | 50 (T1DM& T2DM) | NA | 57.8 ± 12 & 56.36 ± 11 | non-DM (50) | NA | unstimulated | GOD | The mean level of salivary glucose: significantly higher in diabetes; A positive, but weak correlation between salivary and blood glucose |
| Shahbaz, 2014 [33] | India | 30 | 16/14 | 9.7 ± 4.4 years | healthy controls (30) | overnight | unstimulated | GOPD | Salivary total protein: higher in T1DM Salivary flow rate: diminished in DM. Salivary albumin higher in T1DM. Salivary glucose levels: higher in T1DM. A highly significant positive correlation between serum & salivary glucose in T1DM. |
Alcohol alcohol dependency, chronic ds disease, h/o history, DM diabetes mellitus, DMFT decayed, missing, filling teeth, GOD Glucose-oxidase method, GOPD Glucose oxidase- peroxidase method, Grp group, IGT impaired glucose tolerance test, NA not available, Pg pregnancy, S smoking, yr year
a: Pars method (glucose Oxidase Kit,Pars Azmoon Co, Tehran, Iran); b: enzymatic ultraviolet detection method for glucose analysis (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, West Germany, cat.No. 139041)