Fig. 1.

Overall strategy to develop the E. coli strain for cadaverine production from galactose. The native galactose metabolism was replaced through introduction of a re-designed Leloir pathway (galE, galT, galK, galM, galP, and pgm) on the chromosome. For cadaverine production, the carbon flux toward lysine was amplified by additional introduction of the re-designed production pathway (asd, dapA ^fbr, dapB, ddh, lysA, and lysC ^fbr) on the chromosome. Then, cadaverine was produced by expression of cadA (encoding lysine decarboxylase) on a high copy plasmid. The superscripts of two genes (dapA and lysC) indicate deregulation of feedback inhibition by site-directed mutagenesis