Table 10.
Quantitative results for congenital anomaly for a 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure.
| Study | Pollutant | Result (95% CI) | Exposure period | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.90 (0.71,1.13) | Trimester 1 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 2.11 (1.24,3.63) | Entire pregnancy | Pooled heart defects |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.36 (0.93,1.99) | Trimester 1 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 1.59 (1.13,2.23) | Trimester 2 | Pooled heart defects |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.14 (0.84,1.56) | Weeks 3–8 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.35 (1.15,1.60) | Entire pregnancy | Pooled heart defects |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.17 (1.04,1.33) | Trimester 1 | Pooled heart defects |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.26 (1.13,1.42) | Trimester 2 | Pooled heart defects |
| 23 | PM10 | AOR = 1.04 (0.96,1.14) | Weeks 3–8 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 1.10 (0.70,1.73) | Entire pregnancy | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.98 (0.75,1.28) | Trimester 2 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.96 (0.80,1.14) | Weeks 3–8 | Pooled heart defects | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 2.16 (1.13,4.14) | Entire pregnancy | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.50 (0.95,2.35) | Trimester 1 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 1.63 (1.08,2.46) | Trimester 2 | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.18 (0.83,1.69) | Weeks 3–8 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.31 (1.07,1.60) | Entire pregnancy | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.21 (1.04,1.41) | Trimester 1 | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.23 (1.08,1.41) | Trimester 2 | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| 23 | PM10 | AOR = 1.07 (0.96,1.19) | Weeks 3–8 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.92 (0.52,1.62) | Entire pregnancy | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.88 (0.66,1.17) | Trimester 1 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.92 (0.67,1.28) | Trimester 2 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.94 (0.76,1.16) | Weeks 3–8 | Patent ductus arteriosus | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 2.03 (1.11,3.71) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of great arteries |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.33 (0.87,2.05) | Trimester 1 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | * | NO2 | AOR = 1.67 (1.13,2.47) | Trimester 2 | Defect of great arteries |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.12 (0.80,1.58) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.36 (1.12,1.65) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of great arteries |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.22 (1.06,1.41) | Trimester 1 | Defect of great arteries |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.25 (1.10,1.43) | Trimester 2 | Defect of great arteries |
| 23 | PM10 | AOR = 1.08 (0.98,1.19) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 1.13 (0.67,1.91) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.94 (0.79,1.11) | Trimester 1 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.98 (0.71,1.34) | Trimester 2 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.98 (0.80,1.20) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of great arteries | |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.48 (0.55,3.97) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 0.96 (0.44,2.10) | Trimester 1 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 1.41 (0.73,2.71) | Trimester 2 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | NO2 | AOR = 0.96 (0.49,1.85) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.44 (1.04,1.99) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of cardiac septa |
| 23 | PM10 | AOR = 1.13 (0.89,1.45) | Trimester 1 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.32 (1.05,1.66) | Trimester 2 | Defect of cardiac septa |
| 23 | PM10 | AOR = 1.04 (0.88,1.24) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | * | SO2 | AOR = 2.35 (1.01,5.49) | Entire pregnancy | Defect of cardiac septa |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 0.97 (0.70,1.33) | Trimester 1 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 1.16 (0.69,1.95) | Trimester 2 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 23 | SO2 | AOR = 1.07 (0.77,1.49) | Weeks 3–8 | Defect of cardiac septa | |
| 10 | NO2 | AOR = 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1st month | Congenital heart disease, polydactyly, limb reduction defects and hypospadias | |
| 24 | NO2 | AOR = 1.00 (0.86,1.16) | 1st month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | NO2 | AOR = 0.99 (0.85,1.15) | 2nd month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | NO2 | AOR = 0.98 (0.85,1.13) | 3rd month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | PM10 | AOR = 1.08 (0.99,1.18) | 1st month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | PM10 | AOR = 1.06 (0.97,1.16) | 2nd month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.13 (1.03,1.23) | 3rd month | All diagnosed birth defects |
| 24 | SO2 | AOR = 1.10 (0.93,1.30) | 1st month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | SO2 | AOR = 1.09 (0.92,1.29) | 2nd month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 24 | SO2 | AOR = 1.11 (0.94,1.32) | 3rd month | All diagnosed birth defects | |
| 14 | * | NO2 | AOR = 1.11 (1.01,1.22) | Weeks 3–8 | 24 types of birth defects |
| 11 | PM10 | AOR = 1.01 (0.98,1.03) | 1st month | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | PM10 | AOR = 1.03 (1.00,1.06) | 2nd month | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.05 (1.02,1.08) | 3rd month | Birth deformities |
| 11 | PM10 | AOR = 1.03 (0.99,1.07) | 4–6th months | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | * | PM10 | AOR = 1.03 (1.01,1.05) | 7–9th months | Birth deformities |
| 11 | PM10 | AOR = 1.02 (0.99,1.04) | C-3 | Birth deformities | |
| 14 | PM10 | AOR = 0.99 (0.95,1.03) | Weeks 3–8 | 24 types of birth defects | |
| 11 | SO2 | AOR = 0.99 (0.97,1.01) | 1st month | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | SO2 | AOR = 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 2nd month | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | * | SO2 | AOR = 0.97 (0.95,0.99) | 3rd month | Birth deformities |
| 11 | SO2 | AOR = 0.99 (0.97,1.02) | 4–6th months | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | SO2 | AOR = 0.99 (0.97,1.01) | 7–9th months | Birth deformities | |
| 11 | SO2 | AOR = 1.00 (0.98,1.02) | C-3 | Birth deformities | |
| 14 | SO2 | AOR = 0.99 (0.94,1.03) | Weeks 3–8 | 24 types of birth defects |
*
Statistically significant (p < 0.05), C-3 = 3 months before conception, AOR = adjusted odds ratio