FIGURE 2.

Astrocytic VIPP expression increases time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and decreases time spent in wake. (A) Percent recording time spent in wakefulness. VIPP mice spent significantly less time awake during ZT 6-12 (left: ^∗p < 0.05, two-way RM ANOVA; right: ^∗p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney U test). (B) Percent recording time spent in NREM sleep. Astrocytic VIPP and wild type mice spent the same amount of time in NREM sleep (two-way RM ANOVA: n.s.). (C) Percent recording time spent in REM sleep. VIPP mice spent significantly more time in REM sleep during the second half of the light cycle and the second half of the dark cycle (left: ^∗∗p < 0.01, two-way RM ANOVA, ZT9: Tukey’s post hoc test: p < 0.05; right: ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U test). Data are represented as mean ± SEM.