Table 2. Cohort-specific characteristics at the index date.
| Baseline characteristicsa | Male, N (%) | Female, N (%)b | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US cohort | ||||
| Race | 0.032 | |||
| White | 446 (88.8) | 491 (82.2) | ||
| Black | 34 (6.8) | 65 (10.9) | ||
| Other | 22 (4.4) | 41 (6.9) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| High school or less | 111 (22.21) | 203 (34.0) | ||
| College | 189 (37.95) | 244 (40.87) | ||
| Graduate | 202 (40.24) | 150 (25.13) | ||
| Living situation | <0.001 | |||
| Lives alone | 49 (9.8) | 214 (35.8) | ||
| Lives with spouse or partner | 408 (81.3) | 256 (42.9) | ||
| Other living arrangements | 45 (9.0) | 127 (21.3) | ||
| Type of residence | 0.017 | |||
| Single family residence | 439 (87.5) | 485 (81.2) | ||
| Retirement community | 38 (7.6) | 55 (9.2) | ||
| Assisted livinga | 19 (3.8) | 47 (7.9) | ||
| Other | 6 (1.2) | 10 (1.7) | ||
| Level of independence | 0.651 | |||
| Able to live independently | 184 (36.7) | 199 (33.3) | ||
| Requires some assistance with complex activities | 247 (49.2) | 297 (49.7) | ||
| Requires some assistance with basic activities | 60 (12.0) | 88 (14.7) | ||
| Completely dependent | 11 (2.2) | 13 (2.2) | ||
| BMI | <0.001 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 25.8 (3.63) | 24.6 (4.72) | ||
| Q1, median, Q3 | 23, 25, 28 | 21, 24, 27 | ||
| BMI categories | <0.001 | |||
| Obese | 64 (14.4) | 68 (13.6) | ||
| Global clinical dementia rating | 0.776 | |||
| No impairment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Questionable impairment | 272 (54.2) | 327 (54.8) | ||
| Mild impairment | 207 (41.2) | 237 (39.7) | ||
| Moderate/severe impairment | 23 (4.6) | 33 (5.5) | ||
| MMSE category | 0.232 | |||
| Normal | 112 (23.0) | 119 (21.3) | ||
| Mild | 277 (57.0) | 348 (62.4) | ||
| Moderate | 81 (16.7) | 72 (12.9) | ||
| Severe | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.5) | ||
| Unknown | 14 (2.9) | 16 (2.9) | ||
| Behavioral symptoms | ||||
| Delusions | 36 (7.4) | 50 (8.6) | 0.481 | |
| Hallucinations | 11 (2.3) | 21 (3.6) | 0.199 | |
| Agitation or aggression | 137 (28.3) | 158 (27.2) | 0.693 | |
| Depression or dysphoria | 157 (32.4) | 231 (39.8) | 0.013 | |
| Anxiety | 157 (32.4) | 178 (30.7) | 0.541 | |
| Geriatric Depression Scale score categories | 0.616 | |||
| 0–4 | 405 (84.2) | 455 (81.1) | ||
| 5–9 | 59 (12.3) | 84 (15.0) | ||
| 10–15 | 9 (1.9) | 12 (2.1) | ||
| Unknown | 8 (1.7) | 10 (1.8) | ||
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Depression within the past 2 years | 178 (35.5) | 279 (46.7) | <0.001 | |
| Psychiatric disorders | 29 (5.8) | 53 (8.9) | 0.051 | |
| Transient ischemic attack | 33 (6.6) | 44 (7.4) | 0.606 | |
| Incontinence: urinary | 84 (16.7) | 150 (25.1) | <0.001 | |
| Apolipoprotein e4 alleles | 0.119 | |||
| No e4 allele | 196 (39.0) | 214 (35.8) | ||
| Any copy of e4 allele | 225 (44.8) | 258 (43.2) | ||
| Finnish cohort | ||||
| Occupational socioeconomic position | <0.001 | |||
| Office worker | 714 (3.1; 2.9–3.3) | 4954 (11.2; 11.0–11.5) | ||
| Farming/forestry | 5195 (22.6; 22.1–23.2) | 7748 (17.6; 17.2 –17.9) | ||
| Sales/industry/cleaning | 10,528 (45.9; 45.2–46.5) | 18,228 (41.3; 40.9–41.8) | ||
| Unknown | 245 (1.1; 0.9–1.2) | 5318 (12.1; 11.8–12.4) | ||
| Did not respond | 159 (0.7; 0.6–0.8) | 353 (0.8; 0.7–0.9) | ||
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Asthma/COPD | 2077 (9.1; 8.7–9.4) | 3908 (8.9; 8.6–9.1) | 0.434 | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 750 (3.3; 3.0–3.5) | 2319 (5.3; 5.1–5.5) | <0.001 | |
| History of hip fracture | 764 (3.3; 3.1–3.6) | 3351 (7.6; 7.4–7.9) | <0.001 | |
| Hospital-treated depression | 519 (2.3; 2.1–2.5) | 1700 (3.9; 3.7–4.1) | ||
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, SD standard deviation
a
Columns display N (%), unless otherwise specified
b
For the Finnish cohort, table includes N (%) with 95% CI for %