Table 2.
Correlates of Pap testing in the last three years among lesbian and bisexual women, n=418
| Pap test in last 3 years | No Pap test in last 3 years | Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 291 (70) | 127 (30) | -- | -- | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Sexual identity | ||||||
| Bisexual | 223 (73) | 84 (27) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Lesbian | 68 (61) | 43 (39) | 0.60 | (0.38–0.94)* | 0.48 | (0.25–0.93)* |
| Age (years)a | 24.0 (1.6) | 23.4 (1.7) | 1.25 | (1.10–1.42)*** | 1.21 | (1.02–1.43)* |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 215 (75) | 71 (25) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 29 (64) | 16 (36) | 0.60 | (0.31–1.17) | 0.84 | (0.35–2.04) |
| Hispanic | 27 (51) | 26 (49) | 0.34 | (0.19–0.63)*** | 0.30 | (0.14–0.63)** |
| Other race/ethnicity | 20 (59) | 14 (41) | 0.47 | (0.23–0.98)* | 0.56 | (0.22–1.42) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than college | 47 (66) | 24 (34) | Ref | -- | ||
| Some college | 77 (60) | 51 (40) | 0.77 | (0.42–1.41) | -- | |
| College degree or more | 167 (76) | 52 (24) | 1.64 | (0.91–2.93) | -- | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married, divorced, widowed, separated | 158 (63) | 92 (37) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married, civil union, living with a partner | 133 (79) | 35 (21) | 2.21 | (1.41–3.48)** | 1.53 | (0.86–2.71) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Currently employed | 174 (72) | 67 (28) | Ref | -- | ||
| Not employed | 60 (69) | 27 (31) | 0.86 | (0.50–1.46) | -- | |
| Student | 57 (63) | 33 (37) | 0.67 | (0.40–1.11) | -- | |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| <$50,000 | 200 (69) | 89 (31) | Ref | -- | ||
| ≥$50,000 | 71 (71) | 29 (29) | 1.09 | (0.66–1.79) | -- | |
| Not reported | 20 (69) | 9 (31) | 0.99 | (0.43–2.26) | -- | |
| Urbanicity | ||||||
| Rural | 55 (66) | 28 (34) | Ref | -- | ||
| Suburban | 124 (70) | 53 (30) | 1.19 | (0.68–2.08) | -- | |
| Urban | 112 (71) | 46 (29) | 1.24 | (0.70–2.19) | -- | |
| HPV knowledge and beliefs | ||||||
| HPV knowledgea,b | 0.65 (0.26) | 0.54 (0.31) | 4.05 | (1.92–8.52)*** | 2.16 | (0.84–5.56) |
| Worry about getting HPV-related diseasea,c | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.29 | (1.00–1.67) | -- | |
| Perceived severity of HPV-related diseasea,d | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.8) | 1.08 | (0.80–1.46) | -- | |
| Perceived likelihood of cervical cancera,e | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.6) | 1.13 | (0.79–1.62) | -- | |
| Perceived lower risk of cervical cancer compared to heterosexual womena,f | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 0.80 | (0.65–0.98)* | 1.00 | (0.77–1.32) |
| Health-related characteristics | ||||||
| Age at sexual debut | ||||||
| ≤ 17 years | 189 (78) | 53 (22) | Ref | Ref | ||
| ≥ 18 years | 102 (58) | 74 (42) | 0.39 | (0.25–0.59)*** | 0.75 | (0.42–1.34) |
| Number of lifetime sexual partners | ||||||
| None | 7 (19) | 30 (81) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–4 partners | 97 (63) | 58 (37) | 7.17 | (2.96–17.36)*** | 8.08 | (2.79–23.42)*** |
| ≥ 5 partners | 187 (83) | 39 (17) | 20.55 | (8.42–50.15)*** | 17.06 | (5.62–51.77)*** |
| Ever told by a provider that had an STI | ||||||
| No | 249 (68) | 118 (32) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 42 (82) | 9 (18) | 2.21 | (1.04–4.69)* | 1.02 | (0.41–2.50) |
| Insurance status | ||||||
| No health insurance | 58 (57) | 44 (43) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Insures self (work, school, etc.) | 134 (79) | 35 (21) | 2.90 | (1.69–4.99)*** | 2.13 | (1.09–4.16)* |
| Insured through parent’s plan | 99 (67) | 48 (33) | 1.56 | (0.92–2.64) | 1.49 | (0.76–2.92) |
| Had a routine check-up in past year | ||||||
| No | 131 (59) | 90 (41) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 160 (81) | 37 (19) | 2.97 | (1.90–4.65)*** | 2.41 | (1.38–4.21)** |
| Received any shots of HPV vaccine | ||||||
| No | 151 (63) | 89 (37) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 140 (79) | 38 (21) | 2.17 | (1.39–3.39)** | 2.63 | (1.47–4.70)** |
| Disclosed sexual orientation to healthcare provider | ||||||
| No | 158 (66) | 81 (34) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Somewhat | 29 (58) | 21 (42) | 0.71 | (0.38–1.32) | 0.63 | (0.29–1.37) |
| Yes | 104 (81) | 25 (19) | 2.13 | (1.28–3.56)** | 2.01 | (1.02–3.95)* |
| Discriminated against by healthcare provider | ||||||
| No | 235 (69) | 108 (31) | Ref | -- | ||
| Yes | 30 (81) | 7 (19) | 1.97 | (0.84–4.63) | -- | |
| Don’t know | 26 (68) | 12 (32) | 1.00 | (0.48–2.05) | -- | |
Note. Multivariable model included all variables associated at p<0.05 in univariable models. Dashes (--) indicate that variable was not included in the multivariable model. OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; HPV=human papillomavirus; ref=reference group; STI=sexually transmitted infection.
Means and standard deviations are reported for continuous variables. ORs for these variables are for a 1-unit increase.
Measured by determining proportion of correct responses to six HPV knowledge items
4-point response scale ranging from 1=“not at all” to 4=“a lot”
4-point response scale ranging from 1=“not at all” to 4=“very”
4-point response scale ranging from 1=“no chance” to 4=“high chance”
5-point response scale ranging from 1=“strongly disagree” to 5=“strongly agree”
p<0.05;
p<0.01;
p<0.001