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(A) Photographs of titanium discs before (left) and after (right) the etching process to prepare the black titanium. After etching, the smooth control titanium changes from a shiny metallic color to black due to the nanostructures that trap light. (B) EDS spectra of the black titanium surface. (C) SEM and (D) 3D AFM images of the black titanium surface showing random nanostructures.
