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In response to inflammatory signals released by dying cells after ischemia, astrocytes up-regulate IL-15. IL-15 complexes with IL-15Rα before being transported to the membrane surface, where it is recognized by infiltrating NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, resulting in their activation (CD69 expression) and up-regulation of their cytotoxic effector functions (including IFN-γ production), contributing to cell-mediated immunity and further exacerbating brain inflammation.
