Figure 4. Differentially expressed genes in mosquito larvae exposed to permethrin at six, 24 and 48 h.

Hierarchical clustering analysis based on their log fold-change. Genes not differentially expressed in any time-point were excluded from the analysis. For each gene, the ID is also indicated. (A) Phase 0/III enzymes: ABC transporters; (B) Phase I enzymes: Cytochrome P450 and Carboxylesterases; (C) Phase II enzymes: Glutathione S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. (D) Graphical representation of the chemical defensome. In the figure, the detoxifying metabolic enzymes and the pathways involved are shown. The figure was traced and modified from¹, using the software Canvas 15 (ACD systems http://www.acdsee.com/de/products/canvas-15).