. 2016 Aug 5;102(1):91–96. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309381

Table 1.

Studies of new biomarkers for AKI in children

Study	Biomarkers	Comments
Du et al¹⁸	Urine KIM-1, NGAL, β2M, IL-18, osteopontin	232 children presenting to emergency care. KIM-1, NGAL and β2M all demonstrated good accuracy with 25%–50% reduction in eCCl.
Zappitelli et al¹⁹	Plasma: Cys-C	288 children undergoing cardiac surgery. Postoperative Cys-C predicted length of stay in PICU.
Buelow et al²⁰	Urine: NGAL, IL-18	20 children undergoing cardiac surgery. NGAL and IL-18 early predictive biomarkers of AKI.
Genc et al²¹	Urine: KIM-1	48 premature babies. Serial urinary KIM-1 was a maker of kidney injury.
Basu et al¹⁷	Plasma: NGAL, MMP-8, Ela-2	214 children admitted to PICU with sepsis. Biomarker performance improved in combination with risk stratification.
McCaffrey et al²²	Plasma: NGAL, Cys-C Urine: NGAL, KIM-1	Mixed cohort of 49 children in PICU. Plasma NGAL predicted AKI; Cys-C mirrored change in SCr.
Westhoff et al²³	Urine: TIMP-2 and IGFBP-7	133 mixed cohort of children. The [TIMP-2]•[IGFBP-7] product diagnosed AKI and predicted adverse outcomes.

AKI, acute kidney injury; B2M, Beta-2 microglobulin; Cys-C, cystatin C; eCCl, estimated creatinine clearance; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein; IL, interleukin; KIM, kidney injury molecule; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PICU, paediatric intensive care unit; SCr, serum creatinine; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.