Table 3.
Control arm: demographic and outcome differences by usage pattern (n=437).
| Demographics | Mid or high user, n (%) | Low user, n (%) | No or minimal user, n (%) | |
| No. of participants | 164 (36.7) | 157 (37.1) | 116 (26.2) | |
| Income (P<.001) | ||||
| Low income | 54 (32.9) | 52 (33.1) | 62 (53.5) | |
| Not low income | 110 (67.1) | 105 (66.9) | 54 (46.5) | |
| BMIa at screening (P=.06) | ||||
| Normal range BMI | 100 (61.0) | 92 (58.6) | 55 (47.4) | |
| Overweight BMI | 51 (31.1) | 42 (26.8) | 46 (39.7) | |
| Obese BMI | 13 (7.9) | 23 (24.6) | 15 (12.9) | |
| Strata (P=.002) | ||||
| Normal weight and lower income | 27 (16.5) | 28 (17.8) | 31 (26.7) | |
| Normal weight and higher income | 73 (44.5) | 64 (40.8) | 24 (20.7) | |
| Overweight or obese and lower income | 27 (16.5) | 24 (15.3) | 31 (26.7) | |
| Overweight or obese and higher income | 37 (22.5) | 41 (26.1) | 30 (25.9) | |
| Race (P<.001) | ||||
| Black | 22 (13.4) | 23 (14.6) | 37 (31.9) | |
| White | 120 (73.2) | 116 (73.9) | 60 (51.7) | |
| Other | 22 (13.4) | 18 (11.5) | 19 (16.4) | |
| Hispanic (P=.55) | ||||
| Yes | 19 (11.6) | 14 (9.0) | 15 (12.9) | |
| No | 145 (88.4) | 143 (91.0) | 101 (87.1) | |
| Relation group (P<.001) | ||||
| Single | 53 (32.3) | 52 (33.3) | 66 (57.9) | |
| Ever married | 111 (67.7) | 104 (66.7) | 48 (42.1) | |
| Parity (P=.005) | ||||
| Nulliparous | 88 (53.7) | 86 (54.8) | 44 (37.9) | |
| Primiparous | 49 (29.9) | 46 (29.3) | 35 (30.2) | |
| Multiparous | 27 (16.4) | 25 (15.9) | 37 (31.9) | |
| Age categories, years (P=.003) | ||||
| 18 to <25 | 37 (22.6) | 33 (21.0) | 46 (39.6) | |
| 25 to <30 | 55 (33.5) | 57 (36.3) | 38 (32.8) | |
| >30 | 72 (43.9) | 67 (42.7) | 32 (27.6) | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Total gestational weight gain (P=.62) | ||||
| Exceeded recommended amount | 62 (43.7) | 72 (49.3) | 43 (45.3) | |
| Did not exceed recommended amount | 80 (56.3) | 74 (50.7) | 52 (54.7) | |
| Rate of gestational weight gain (P=.54) | ||||
| Exceeded recommended rate | 103 (70.6) | 104 (71.2) | 63 (65.0) | |
| Did not exceed recommended rate | 43 (29.4.1) | 42 (28.8) | 34 (36.0) | |
| Gestational weight gain, kg (P=.17)b, mean (SD) | 14.48 (5.07) | 14.19 (5.05) | 13.21 (5.60) | |
aBMI: body mass index.
bAnalysis of variance test results shown; all other P values provided in the table are chi-square P values.