Figure 4. SERMs upregulate the endolysosomal calcium levels.
(a) Representative images of the endolysosomal calcium release of HepG2 detected by Fluo8-AM calcium indicator at 1 s, 60 s, 90 s, 330 s, 390 s, and 420 s after incubation of 10 μM tamoxifen, clomiphene or U18666a for 1 h. (b) The calcium release of HepG2 loaded with 1 μM TG at 60 s for 30 s and 200 μM GPN at 330 s for 60 s. HepG2 cells were pre-treated with 10 μM tamoxifen, clomiphene or U18666a for 1 h. (c) The quantification of calcium release induced by 200 μM GPN. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n > 20). Significant differences versus control group are presented by asterisks (*), ***P < 0.001.