Table 1.
Characteristics of patients undergoing CRT implantation, stratified by device type.
| CRT (n=311,086) | CRT-D (n=267,901) | CRT-P (n=43,184) | P- value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age category | <0.001 | |||
| 18-54 | 32,982 (10.6) | 30,499 (11.4) | 2,483 (5.7) | |
| 55-64 | 55,376 (17.8) | 50,979 (19.0) | 4,398 (10.2) | |
| 65-74 | 95,768 (30.8) | 85,781 (32.0) | 9,987 (23.1) | |
| 75-84 | 102,074 (32.8) | 85,214 (31.8) | 16,860 (39.0) | |
| >85 | 24,886 (8.0) | 15,429 (5.8) | 9,457 (21.9) | |
| Male | 218,883 (70.4) | 194,016 (72.4) | 24,867 (57.6) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 196,786 (63.3) | 168,439 (62.9) | 28,348 (65.6) | |
| Black | 27,584 (8.9) | 25,091 (9.4) | 2,493 (5.8) | |
| Other* | 27,605 (8.9) | 24,246 (9.1) | 3,359 (7.8) | |
| Unknown | 59,111 (19.0) | 50,126 (18.7) | 8,985 (20.8) | |
| Primary payer | <0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 225,462 (72.5) | 190,614 (71.2) | 34,848 (80.7) | |
| Medicaid | 14,861 (4.8) | 13,677 (5.1) | 1,184 (2.7) | |
| Private | 60,020 (19.3) | 53,934 (20.1) | 6,085 (14.1) | |
| Other† | 10,338 (3.3) | 9,305 (3.5) | 1,033 (2.4) | |
| Low income quartile | 80,865 (26.0) | 70,656 (26.4) | 10,208 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Region | <0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 60,734 (19.5) | 54,276 (20.3) | 6,458 (15.0) | |
| Midwest | 81,012 (26.0) | 68,131 (25.4) | 12,881 (29.8) | |
| South | 117,162 (37.7) | 100,724 (37.6) | 16,438 (38.1) | |
| West | 52,178 (16.8) | 44,771 (16.7) | 7,407 (17.2) | |
| Hospital location/teaching | 0.02 | |||
| Rural | 12,334 (4.0) | 9,540 (3.6) | 2,794 (6.5) | |
| Urban, non-teaching | 111,423 (35.8) | 96,663 (36.1) | 14,760 (34.2) | |
| Urban, teaching | 185,080 (59.5) | 159,639 (59.6) | 25,441 (58.9) | |
| Elective admission | 157,336 (50.8) | 137,650 (51.4) | 19,686 (45.6) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac history | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 204,259 (65.7) | 181,321 (67.7) | 22,938 (53.1) | <0.001 |
| Nonischemic cardiomyopathy | 133,140 (42.8) | 118,390 (44.2) | 14,749 (34.2) | <0.001 |
| Left bundle branch block | 103,639 (33.3) | 94,037 (35.1) | 9,602 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 77,932 (25.1) | 73,945 (27.6) | 3,987 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 116,505 (37.5) | 91,957 (34.3) | 24,548 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| Complete AV block | 28,083 (10.5) | 19,480 (7.3) | 8,603 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 102,482 (32.9) | 90,520 (33.8) | 11,963 (27.7) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 64,714 (20.8) | 55,289 (20.6) | 9,425 (21.8) | 0.04 |
| Chronic lung disease | 65,309 (21.0) | 56,251 (21.0) | 9,058 (21.0) | 0.97 |
| Anemia | 33,404 (10.7) | 27,310 (10.2) | 6,093 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 180,764 (58.1) | 154,830 (57.8) | 25,934 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 27,789 (8.9) | 24,122 (9.0) | 3,667 (8.5) | 0.16 |
| Tobacco use | 60,481 (19.4) | 53,654 (20.0) | 6,826 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser comorbidities‡ ≥3 | 106,242 (34.2) | 89,996 (33.6) | 16,246 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure comorbidities§ ≥3 | 106,558 (34.3) | 92,117 (34.4) | 14,441 (33.4) | 0.15 |
*
Includes Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, and other.
†
Includes self-pay, no charge, and other.
‡
Comprised of 28 comorbidities within the Elixhauser index (see Supplementary Table 1).14
§
Comprised of 7 comorbidities associated with mortality and reduced ICD efficacy among heart failure patients: ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, and smoking.15
∥Percentages may not sum to 100 given missing data.