Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristics | Male (n = 62) | Female (n = 167) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63.50 ± 11.13 | 59.47 ± 7.33 | 0.002 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.54 ± 3.15 | 25.75 ± 3.70 | 0.023 | |
| Simultaneous four-limb BP measurement, mmHg | ||||
| Left arm | Systolic pressure (LARSP) | 136.69 ± 19.01 | 135.78 ± 18.22 | 0.740 |
| Diastolic pressure (LARDP) | 82.50 ± 10.96 | 81.02 ± 10.28 | 0.342 | |
| Right arm | Systolic pressure (RARSP) | 136.89 ± 18.47 | 135.78 ± 18.58 | 0.688 |
| Diastolic pressure (RARDP) | 83.21 ± 11.87 | 81.32 ± 10.06 | 0.230 | |
| Left ankle | Systolic pressure (LASP) | 151.48 ± 26.19 | 150.38 ± 22.77 | 0.754 |
| Diastolic pressure (LADP) | 79.82 ± 10.87 | 77.25 ± 8.30 | 0.057 | |
| Right ankle | Systolic pressure (RASP) | 150.45 ± 25.93 | 150.47 ± 22.78 | 0.997 |
| Diastolic pressure (RADP) | 77.05 ± 11.50 | 75.16 ± 7.58 | 0.150 | |
| BP on the higher arm/ankle side of systolic pressure, mmHg | ||||
| Arm | Systolic pressure (HARSP) | 140.27 ± 18.79 | 139.03 ± 18.44 | 0.652 |
| Diastolic pressure (HARDP) | 83.94 ± 11.56 | 81.72 ± 10.38 | 0.166 | |
| Pulse pressure (HARPP) | 56.34 ± 14.19 | 57.31 ± 10.38 | 0.647 | |
| Pulse pressure index (HARPPI) | 0.40 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.299 | |
| Mean arterial pressure (HARMAP) | 102.72 ± 12.73 | 100.03 ± 11.85 | 0.295 | |
| Ankle | Systolic pressure (HASP) | 154.50 ± 25.99 | 153.79 ± 22.51 | 0.839 |
| Diastolic pressure (HADP) | 80.02 ± 11.81 | 77.11 ± 8.50 | 0.041 | |
| Pulse pressure (HAPP) | 74.48 ± 18.27 | 76.68 ± 17.93 | 0.414 | |
| Pulse pressure index (HAPPI) | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.046 | |
| Inter-arm BP difference, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic pressure | mean ± SD | 6.97 ± 7.66 | 6.63 ± 5.98 | 0.725 |
| Diastolic pressure | mean ± SD | 4.35 ± 3.30 | 3.95 ± 3.84 | 0.466 |
| Systolic pressure | ≥10 mmHg, n (%) | 9 (14.5) | 23 (13.7) | 0.705 |
| Systolic pressure | ≥15 mmHg, n (%) | 9 (14.5) | 17 (10.2) | 0.528 |
| Diastolic pressure | ≥10 mmHg, n (%) | 3 (4.8) | 7 (4.1) | 0.362 |
| Diastolic pressure | ≥15 mmHg, n (%) | 1 (1.6) | 4 (2.4) | 0.702 |
| Inter-ankle BP difference, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic pressure | mean ± SD | 7.06 ± 7.87 | 6.74 ± 5.20 | 0.715 |
| Diastolic pressure | mean ± SD | 4.87 ± 4.07 | 4.11 ± 3.48 | 0.165 |
| Systolic pressure | ≥10 mmHg, n (%) | 5 (8.1) | 26 (15.6) | 0.712 |
| Systolic pressure | ≥15 mmHg, n (%) | 9 (14.5) | 16 (9.6) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic pressure | ≥10 mmHg, n (%) | 4 (6.5) | 18 (10.8) | 0.054 |
| Diastolic pressure | ≥15 mmHg, n (%) | 3 (4.8) | 0 (0) | – |
| Arm-ankle BP difference, mmHg | ||||
| L-ABI | mean ± SD | 1.08 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 0.10 | 0.979 |
| R-ABI | mean ± SD | 1.08 ± 0.16 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 0.734 |
| L-ABI | ≤0.9, n (%) | 4 (6.1) | 6 (3.6) | 0.015 |
| 0.91–0.99, n (%) | 6 (9.7) | 30 (18.0) | 0.852 | |
| ≥1.00, n (%) | 52 (83.9) | 131 (78.4) | 0.497 | |
| R-ABI | ≤0.9, n (%) | 5 (8.1) | 5 (3.0) | 0.176 |
| 0.91–0.99, n (%) | 7 (11.3) | 26 (15.6) | 0.992 | |
| ≥1.00, n (%) | 50 (80.6) | 136 (81.4) | 0.251 | |
| Cardiac pump function | ||||
| CO | 5.27 ± 1.16 | 5.26 ± 1.19 | 0.969 | |
| SV | 78.90 ± 17.98 | 76.81 ± 18.19 | 0.439 | |
| CI | 2.98 ± 0.76 | 3.23 ± 0.82 | 0.034 | |
| SVI | 44.69 ± 11.84 | 47.34 ± 12.63 | 0.152 | |
| EF | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.000 | |
| Cardiac systolic function | ||||
| LFVI | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.002 | |
| IC | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.000 | |
| HI | 17.02 ± 4.84 | 22.03 ± 6.83 | 0.000 | |
| Cardiac diastolic function | ||||
| EDV | 121.41 ± 17.57 | 110.23 ± 18.14 | 0.000 | |
| LVEDP | 10.30 ± 3.41 | 9.46 ± 2.98 | 0.067 | |
| Cardiac efficiency | ||||
| SW | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.140 | |
| CW | 7.09 ± 1.55 | 6.93 ± 1.67 | 0.511 | |
| SWI | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.303 | |
| CWI | 4.00 ± 0.96 | 4.26 ± 1.12 | 0.109 | |
| Vascular elasticity | ||||
| AC | 1.70 ± 0.60 | 1.74 ± 0.83 | 0.705 | |
| TPR | 1598.87 ± 453.21 | 1558.99 ± 408.93 | 0.525 | |