Table 1.
The general characteristic for the included studies, 1 VAS with rest at 12 h, 2 VAS with rest at 24 h, 3 VAS with rest at 48 h, 4, VAS with rest at 72 h, 5, VAS with mobilization at 12 h, 6, VAS with mobilization at 24 h, 7, VAS with mobilization at 48 h, 8, VAS with mobilization at 72 h; 9, length of hospital stay; 10, morphine consumption at 24 h; 11, morphine consumption at 48 h; 12, the occurrence of infection; 13, nausea, 14; postoperative nausea and vomiting; 15, range of motion; 16, total morphine consumption
| Reference | No. of patients | Male, % | Mean age, year | Intervention | Outcomes | Study design | Follow up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLIA | C | CLIA | C | ||||||
| Nechleba 2005 [15] | 14 | 16 | 63.3 | 65 | 200 cc 0.25% bupivacaine at 4.16 cc | 200 cc Saline | 2 3 11 12 | RCT | 6 week |
| Reeves 2009 [16] | 31 | 30 | 41 | 69 | 240 cc 0.2% ropivacaine or 0.375% ropivacaine at 5 cc/h | 240 cc Saline | 2 3 6 7 8 11 | RCT | 2 day |
| Gomez-Cardero 2011 | 25 | 25 | 38 | 71 | 300 cc 0.2% ropivacaine at a speed of 5 cc/h | 300 cc Saline | 12 | RCT | 1 month |
| Zhang 2011 [12] | 27 | 26 | 47.2 | 67 | 199 cc 2 mg/ml ropivacaine plus 2 ml 2 mg/ml ketorolac at 4 cc/h | 199 cc saline | 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 | RCT | 3 month |
| Goyal 2013 [10] | 75 | 75 | 45.3 | 63 | 300 cc 0.5% bupivacaine | 300 cc Saline | 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | RCT | 6 week |
| Williams 2013 [11] | 26 | 25 | 41.2 | 67 | 0.5% bupivacaine at 2 cc/h | Saline | 2, 3 9 13 9 10 14 | RCT | 1 y |
| Ali 2015 [18] | 97 | 95 | 36.5 | 69 | 100 cc 7.5 mg/ml ropivacaine at 2 cc/h | 100 cc Saline | 2 3 4 7 10 11 12 13 | RCT | 3 m |