Table 4.

Violent behavior and homicide among mixed clinical populations

Study	Data source and timeframe	N	Homicide	Severe assault	Any violent crime	Sexual assault/interpersonal violence	Diagnoses represented in study (among only perpetrators when possible)
Bruce et al. (2014) [22]a/b	Biomedical Research Centre Case Register Interactive Search tool, UK, 2009, lifetime timeframe	165	N/A	35.2%b	46.1%a	Sexual assault grouped w/severe violence	Schizophrenia (66.67%)
							Substance use disorder (35.2%)
							Antisocial personality disorder (24.2%)
							Diagnoses represent total N, not just offenders
Egeland and Susman- Stillman (1996) [33]c	Mothers/survivors of childhood maltreatment, outpatient	24	N/A	N/A	N/A	58.33% childhood maltreatment (dissociation significantly higher among abusive mothers)	N/A
Hodgins et al. (2007) [23] a/b	Adult inpatients in government mental health hospital, UK, lifetime timeframe	205	N/A	33.2%b	34.1%a	N/A	Schizophrenia (65%)
							Substance use disorder (60%)
							Bipolar disorder I or II (18.5%)
							Schizoaffective disorder (8.78%)
Jordan et al. (1996) [25]b	Women entering prison, US, 6–24 month timeframe	805					Substance use disorder (47.4%)
							Borderline personality disorder (28%)
							Antisocial personality disorder (11.9%)
							Major depression (10.8%)
Kaplan et al. (1998) [32]b	Adult outpatients in mood disorder clinic, NY, US, lifetime timeframe	122	0%	% N/A but dissociative symptoms significantly/positively correlated with assault	N/A	N/A	DES score above cutoff indicative of potential DD (29%)d
Matejkowski et al. (2008) [24]a	Indiana Criminal Justice Institute (US), 1990–2002, 12-year timeframe	95	100%	46%	N/A	14%	Mood disorder (74%)
							Schizophrenia (28%)
							Other psychotic disorder (15%)
Quimby and Putnam (1991) [31]c	Adult inpatients in state psychiatric hospital, Maine, US, lifetime timeframe	70	N/A	N/A	N/A	% N/A but dissociation significantly/positively correlated w/sexual aggression	DES score above cutoff indicative of potential DD (30%)e

DD dissociative disorder, DID dissociative identity disorder, N/A not applicable (not inquired in the study), DES Dissociative Experiences Scale

^aArrest records

^bSelf-reports

^cClinician reports

^dDES ≥ 25

^eDES ≥ 30