Table 5.

Violent behavior and homicide among DD clinical populations

Study	Population	N	Violent/homicidal self-states	Severe assault	Any violent behavior	Incarceration	IPV (physical/sexual)	Sexual assault	Childhood maltreatment (physical/sexual)	Homicide
Dell & Eisenhower (1990) [34]a	Adolescents, outpatient, 100% DID	11	64%	N/A	55%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kluft (1987) [35]a	Mothers, outpatient, 100% DID	75	33.3%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	16%	N/A
Lewis et al. (1997) [40]a	92% male incarcerated homicide defendants, 100% DID	12	N/A	N/A	100%	100%	N/A	N/A	N/A	100%
Loewenstein and Putnam (1990) [36]a	100% male in- and outpatients, 100% DID	21	60%	N/A	47%	47%	N/A	13%	N/A	19%
Putnam et al. (1986) [37]a	92% female in- and outpatients, 100% DID	100	70% (53% internally homicidal)	N/A	29%	N/A	N/A	20%	N/A	19%
Ross and Norton (1989) [38]a	88% female in- and outpatients, 100% DID	236	N/A	N/A	38.3%	38.8%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Webermann et al. (2014) [6]a	94% female outpatients with DID	275	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.5%	N/A	N/A	N/A

Timeframe is adult lifetime (except for Dell [1990], which is entire lifespan)

DD dissociative disorder, DID dissociative identity disorder, N/A not applicable (not inquired in the study)

^aClinician reports