Fig. 5.

Surgical repair of a supra-cardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with redirection of the pulmonary veins to a confluence prior to connection to the left atrium. Haemodynamically relevant stenosis between confluence and the left atrium. a,b FDM 3D printed model showing anatomy of the pulmonary venous (PV) confluence and the left atrium (LA), anterior (a) and posterior (b) view. c,d Periprocedural angiography. c Draining PV confluence and stenosis, (d) relief of stenosis post stenting. e,f Periprocedural TEE. 2D and colour flow Doppler showing relevant stenosis between PV confluence and LA with relevant proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) before dilatation and stenting (e) and no relevant stenosis post stenting (f)