Table 1.
| Non-CKD participants | CKD participants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 90 IU/l | > 90 IU/l | P-value | ≤ 90 IU/l | > 90 IU/l | P-value | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/l) | 68±0.3 | 112±0.8 | 72±0.7 | 119±1.7 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 42±0.4 | 47±0.5 | < 0.001 | 69±0.8 | 71±0.9 | 0.023 |
| Gender (male) (%) | 47 (46–48) | 54 (52–55) | < 0.001 | 39 (33–44) | 35 (29–41) | 0.214 |
| Race (African American) (%) | 9.9 (8.7–11.3) | 12.1 (10.7–13.5) | 0.019 | 7.9 (6.2–9.9) | 6.6 (4.8–8.9) | 0.232 |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 4.6 (3.8–5.7) | < 0.001 | 13.4 (10.0–17.8) | 19.0 (13.6–25.8) | 0.103 |
| Stroke (%) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 2.8 (2.2–3.7) | < 0.001 | 7.2 (5.3–9.7) | 12.1 (9.1–15.9) | 0.002 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | < 0.001 | 9.3 (6.6–13.0) | 16.2 (12.3–21.1) | 0.016 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4.6 (4.0–5.2) | 11.2 (10.0–12.5) | < 0.001 | 19.4 (16.4–22.8) | 24.2 (19.8–29.2) | 0.109 |
| Hypertension (%) | 25 (23–27) | 39 (36–42) | < 0.001 | 70 (65–75) | 77 (70–82) | 0.098 |
| Waist circumference (inches) | 35.1±0.1 | 37.4±0.1 | < 0.001 | 38.3±0.3 | 38.2±0.4 | 0.848 |
| Physically inactive (%) | 12 (10–14) | 17 (15–19) | < 0.001 | 21 (16–27) | 34 (29–40) | < 0.001 |
| Non-smoker (%) | 72 (70–74) | 68 (65–71) | 0.003 | 90 (86–93) | 84 (79–88) | 0.076 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dl) | 9.25±0.02 | 9.29±0.02 | 0.002 | 9.33±0.03 | 9.39±0.03 | 0.126 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dl) | 3.43±0.01 | 3.45±0.02 | 0.227 | 3.47±0.03 | 3.56±0.03 | 0.049 |
| Serum aspartate transaminase (IU/l) | 20.6±0.2 | 23.4±0.3 | < 0.001 | 20.8±0.5 | 21.6±0.4 | 0.261 |
| Serum alanine transaminase (IU/l) | 16.7±0.4 | 20.9±0.6 | < 0.001 | 13.3±0.6 | 15.0±0.6 | 0.040 |
| Serum bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.63±0.01 | 0.60±0.01 | 0.027 | 0.58±0.02 | 0.55±0.01 | 0.165 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 94.1±0.5 | 93.2±0.5 | 0.124 | 50.3±0.4 | 47.9±0.6 | 0.001 |
| Serum vitamin D (ng/ml) | 30.3±0.4 | 28.2±0.4 | < 0.001 | 28.8±0.6 | 26.4±0.7 | 0.011 |
| Plasma fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 94.8±0.3 | 101.8±0.8 | < 0.001 | 106.1±1.6 | 106.2±2.1 | 0.988 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.1±0.03 | 14.4±0.04 | < 0.001 | 13.7±0.07 | 13.6±0.10 | 0.533 |
Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease.
a
Percentages shown as percent (95% confidence interval); continuous measures shown as mean±s.e.
b
Both CKD and non-CKD participants are divided into two groups by the median serum alkaline phosphatase level in the CKD group.