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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Mar 31;215(3):366.e1–366.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.036

FIGURE 1. Maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus induces heart defects and oxidative stress in developing heart.

FIGURE 1

A, Morphological structures of E17.5 embryonic hearts. B, Representative images of dihydroethidium staining of E12.5 embryonic hearts. Cell nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue). Scale bar = 30 μm. C, Lipid peroxidation levels in E12.5 embryonic hearts. Experiments were performed using 3 embryonic hearts from 3 different dams per group. D, E17.5 heart and blood vessels imaged in whole mount after injection of India ink.

*Significant differences (P < .05) compared with other groups.

ao, aorta; Ctrl 1, control group fed normal diet; Ctrl 2, control group fed 60% high-fat diet during pregnancy; DM, group fed high-fat diet; la, left atrium; lv, left ventricle; ND, nondiabetic; pa, pulmonary artery; PTA, persistent truncus arterious; ra, right atrium; rv, right ventricle; VSD, ventricular septum defect; WT, wild type.

Wu et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus induces congenital heart defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016.