| Size |
90–160 nm |
30–100 nm |
100–1000 nm |
50–5000 nm |
| Origin cell |
Infected cell |
Resting or activated cell |
Activated or tumor cell |
Apoptotic cell |
| Marker/Protein |
Gag, Pol, gp120, Tat, Rev, Nef, Vpr, Vif and Vpu |
CD63, CD9, Alix, Tsg101 and HSP70 |
Annexin V, flotillin-2, selectin, integrin and CD40 metalloproteinase |
Annexin V, DNA and histones |
| Budding mechanism |
Exocytosis from MVB |
Exocytosis from MVB |
Budding directly from a plasma membrane (outward budding) |
Programmed cell death (blebbing) |
| Involved components |
ESCRT components, Tsg101, Alix and HIV-1 Gag |
nSMAse2, ceramide, ESCRT components and ARRDC1, Tsg101, Alix and tetraspanin |
aSMAse, ceramide, ESCRT components, Tsg101, Vps4 and tetraspanin |
Caspase-3, rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinase I and actin polymerization |
| Entry mechanism |
HIV viral envelope, gp120 and gp41, binding CD4 |
Direct fusion, phagocytosis and RME (Figure 1). |
Direct fusion, phagocytosis and RME (Figure 1). |
Phagocytosis |
| Occur position |
Plasma membrane and MVB |
Plasma membrane and MVB |
Plasma membrane |
Plasma membrane |
