Table 3.

Smoking Status and Years of Cessation in Relation to the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Islami F et al20	N = 4,144,778	; Smoking Status	RR (mortality)	95% CI	Ptrend
		Current smoker	1.24	1.18–1.31	—
		Former smoker	1.06	1.00–1.13	—
		Ever smoker	1.18	1.11–1.24	—
		Cigarettes/day	1.006	1.001–1.011	.02
Huncharek M et al39	N = 21,579	Smoking Status	RR (mortality)	95% CI
		Current smoker	1.14	1.06–1.19
		Amount Smoked	RR (incidence)	95% CI
		Cigarettes/day	1.22	1.01–1.46
		Pack-years	1.11	1.01–1.22
		Smoking Status	RR (incidence)	95% CI
		Former smoker	1.09	1.02–1.16
		Current smoker	1.04	0.87–1.24
Plaskon LA et al23	N = 1456	Smoking Status	RR	95% CI
		Nonsmoker	Ref	Ref
		Former smoker	1	0.8–1.3
		Current smoker	1.4	1.0–2.0
		Years of Cessation	RR	95% CI	Ptrend = .02
		Nonsmoker	Ref	Ref
		Current smoker	1.4	1.0–2.0
		< 10	1.2	0.8–1.7
		10.0–19.0	1.1	0.8–1.6
		20.0–29.0	1	0.7–1.5
		≥ 30	0.8	0.6–1.2
Kenfield SA et al8	N = 5366	Smoking Status	HR (mortality)	95% CI (mortality)	HR (recurrence)	95% CI (recurrenc
		Current smoker	1.38	0.94–2.03	1.47	1.06–2.04
		Current smoker > 40 pack-years	1.82	1.03–3.20	1.48	0.88–2.48
		Years of cessation	HR (mortality)	95% CI (mortality)
		> 10	0.6	0.42–0.87
		< 10 (< 20 pack-years)	0.64	0.28–1.45
		Never smoker	0.61	0.42–0.88
Rieken M et al21	N = 6538	Smoking Status	HR (recurrence)	95% CI (recurrence)	P Value
		Former smoker	1.63	1.30–2.04	< .001
		Current smoker	1.8	1.45–2.24	< .001
		Years of Cessation	HR (recurrence)	95% CI (recurrence)	P Value
		≥ 10	0.96	0.68–1.37	.84

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; RR, risk ratio.