Table 1. General demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of participant groups.
| Characteristic | Healthy controls | AD | LPA | PNFA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||
| No. (m:f) | 9:10 | 10:6 | 3:2 | 2:7 |
| Age (yrs) | 69.7 (4.7) | 68.9 (6.4) | 63.6 (6.2) | 71.9 (7.8) |
| Musical training (yrs) | 5.0 (3.6) | 4.1 (2.9) | 3.2 (4.0) | 2.7 (2.6) |
| Musical listening (hrs/week) | 10.2 (10.1) | 8.8 (11.0) | 5.2 (3.1) | 4.9 (7.2) |
| Education (yrs) | 16.8 (2.0) | 15.3 (2.7) | 14.4 (3.0) | 16.3 (2.6) |
| MMSE (/30) | 29.3 (1.1) | 21 (4.7)* | 16 (9.6)* | 20 (11.2)* |
| Symptom duration (yrs) | - | 6.4 (2.1) | 5.8 (3.1) | 6.8 (3.7) |
|
| ||||
| Neuropsychological | ||||
|
| ||||
| General intellect: IQ | ||||
| WASI verbal IQ | 118 (7) | 98 (14)* | 69 (12)** | 84 (19)* |
| WASI performance IQ | 119 (13) | 91 (20)* | 94 (21) | 100 (20) |
| NART estimated premorbid IQ | 122 (5) | 114 (9)* | 88 (12)** | 106 (16)* |
|
| ||||
| Pitch discrimination | ||||
| screen (/20) | 19.6 (0.7) | 19.1 (1.6) | 19.2 (1.1) | 18.6 (2.1) |
|
| ||||
| Episodic memory | ||||
| RMT words (/50) | 48 (2) | 30 (6)*** | 32 (6)* | 45 (6) |
| RMT faces (/50) | 43 (4) | 31 (6)* | 34 (7) | 36 (6)* |
| Camden PAL (/24) | 20 (3) | 4 (4)*** | 3 (3)*** | 17 (5) |
|
| ||||
| Executive skills | ||||
| WASI Block Design (/71) | 43 (16) | 19 (13)* | 26 (22) | 19 (18)* |
| WASI Matrices (/32) | 25 (4) | 13 (7)* | 17 (9) | 18 (8) |
| WMS-R digit span forward (/12) | 9 (2) | 7 (2) | 3 (3)* | 6 (2) |
| WMS-R digit span reverse (/12) | 8 (2) | 5 (2)* | 2 (1)* | 3 (2)* |
| D-KEFS Stroop colour (s) | 30 (4) | 52 (22)* | 62 (19)* | 67 (21)* |
| D-KEFS Stroop word (s) | 21 (3) | 34 (19) | 35 (13) | 52 (25)* |
| D-KEFS Stroop interference (s) | 60 (17) | 106 (49)* | 115 (17) | 149 (37)* |
| Letter fluency (F: total) | 16 (5) | 11 (5) | 7 (2)* | 4 (3)** |
| Category fluency (animals: total) | 23 (5) | 12 (5)* | 9 (5)* | 10 (3)* |
| Trails A (s) | 33 (10) | 70 (45)* | 84 (39)* | 69 (37)* |
| Trails B (s) | 81 (39) | 199 (75)* | 232 (73)* | 233 (67)* |
| WAIS-R Digit Symbol (total) | 55 (11) | 24 (15)* | 38 (11) | 27 (12)* |
|
| ||||
| Language skills | ||||
| WASI Vocabulary (/80) | 70 (3) | 56 (10)* | 23 (20)** | 35 (21)** |
| WASI Similarities (/48) | 38 (5) | 26 (11)* | 13 (7)* | 25 (12)* |
| GNT (/30) | 26 (2) | 15 (7)* | 7 (8)* | 15 (9)* |
| BPVS (/150) | 148 (2) | 145 (3)* | 141 (7) | 139 (13)* |
| NART (/50) | 43 (4) | 36 (7)* | 17 (11)** | 30 (13)* |
| Single word repetition (/45) | - | - | 40 (4) | 33 (15) |
| Sentence repetition (/10) | - | - | 7 (3) | 6 (4) |
|
| ||||
| Other skills | ||||
| GDA (/24) | 15 (5) | 5 (6)* | 4 (5)* | 4 (4)* |
| VOSP Object Decision (/20) | 19 (1) | 16 (3)* | 18 (2) | 16 (5) |
Mean (standard deviation) values are shown unless otherwise indicated; results in bold indicate mean score <5th percentile for age norms (not available for BPVS, letter fluency, word repetition, sentence repetition); *significantly different from healthy control group **significantly different from healthy control and AD group ***significantly different from healthy control and PNFA group. Reduced numbers of participants completing each of the tests (by group) were as follows: D-KEFS Stroop, 15 AD, four LPA, five PNFA; fluency (letter, category), five PNFA; GDA, eight PNFA; GNT, eight PNFA; NART, six PNFA; RMT (words, faces), 18 controls, 15 AD; Trails, 14 AD, four LPA; VOSP Object Decision, eight PNFA; WAIS-R Digit Symbol, 13 AD, seven PNFA; WASI (Block Design, Matrices, Similarities, Vocabulary), four LPA; WMS-R digit span reverse, four LPA, eight PNFA. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale [99]; D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System [100]; GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic [101]; GNT, Graded Naming Test [102]; LPA, logopenic aphasia; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score [103]; NART, National Adult Reading Test [104]; PAL, Paired Associate Learning; PNFA, progressive nonfluent aphasia; RMT, Recognition Memory Test [105]; VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery [106]; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised [107]; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence [108]; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale Revised [109].