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. 2016 Dec 1;7(12):e2494. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.393

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Suppression of the cAMP pathway is a common event in tumorigenesis. (a) Five-way Venn diagram displaying overlapping signaling pathways, significantly suppressed in five cancer gene expression data sets, derived from gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The top 10 suppressed pathways per cancer indicated were used to generate the Venn diagram (using online software at http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/Venn/). The analysis shows that one pathway, the cAMP pathway, was suppressed in all cancers, as indicated by the central overlapping region (*). (b) Enrichment score of cAMP pathway in individual samples from a set of five TCGA data sets shows that the cAMP pathway is suppressed in almost all patient tumors in the data sets. Scores were normalized to tissue-specific control samples, where zero represents the control score