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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Jan 1;171(1):53–60. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2321

Table 1.

Characteristics of Matched Sample by Neighborhood Alcohol Environment

Characteristic Valuea
Total (N = 85) High Liquor and Convenience Stores (≥75th Percentile) (n = 22) Lower Liquor and Convenience Stores (<75th Percentile) (n = 63)
Sex of child
 Male 35 (41.2) 11 (50.0) 24 (38.1)
 Female 50 (58.8) 11 (50.0) 39 (61.9)
Age of child, y
 ≤6 13 (15.3)   3 (13.6) 10 (15.9)
 7–9 37 (43.5) 10 (45.5) 27 (42.8)
 ≥10 35 (41.2)   9 (40.9) 26 (41.3)
Age of caregiver, yb
 18–29 17 (20.2)   4 (19.1) 13 (20.6)
 30–39 52 (61.9)   9 (47.6) 42 (66.7)
 ≥40 15 (17.8)   7 (33.3)   8 (12.7)
Mother’s educational level
 Less than high school 20 (23.5)   9 (40.9) 11 (17.5)
 High school degree or GED 24 (28.2)   6 (27.3) 18 (28.6)
 Some college or more 41 (48.3)   7 (31.8) 34 (53.9)
Smoking during pregnancyb 10 (11.8)   5 (22.7)   5 (7.9)
Smoke exposure in the homec 18 (21.2)   8 (36.4) 10 (15.9)
Caregiver drank alcohol in the last monthb 31 (36.5)   9 (40.0) 20 (31.8)
Alcohol use in the homec 37 (43.5) 12 (54.6) 25 (39.7)
Seen neighbors drinking outside 44 (51.7) 12 (54.6) 32 (50.6)
Caregiver drinks in the last month, mean (SD), No.   3.0 (2.79)   2.62 (1.60)   2.27 (3.41)
Drinking frequency of individuals in the child’s home in the last 12 mo, mean (SD)b,d   1.9 (2.4)   2.4 (2.7)   1.7 (2.3)
Children witnessed domestic violence in homec 30 (34.8)   9 (42.3) 20 (31.7)
Children witnessed violence in the neighborhood 31 (36.7)   9 (40.7) 22 (34.9)
Telomere length, mean (SD), T/S ratioc   1.5 (0.1)   1.1 (0.2)   1.6 (0.5)
Diurnal cortisol, mean (SD), μg/dL   2.9 (1.1)   3.0 (1.0)   2.9 (1.1)
Acute cortisol, mean (SD), μg/dL   2.8 (0.6)   2.8 (0.6)   2.7 (0.5)
Liquor or convenience stores per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c   2.4 (2.7)   6.1 (1.5)   1.1 (1.2)
Reports of domestic violence per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c 77.8 (51.2) 112.5 (95.0) 65.7 (49.5)
Assault rate per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c   8.3 (7.9) 16.3 (7.6)   4.9 (5.3)
Homicide rate per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c   1.1 (1.5)   2.2 (1.7)   0.6 (1.0)

Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development certificate; T/S, telomere to single copy gene.

SI conversion factor: To convert contisol to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588.

a

Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. Percentages and estimates based on nonmissing data (<5% were missing across all variables).

b

P < .10.

c

P < .05.

d

Response choices were on a scale of 0 to 7, as follows: 0, at least once per day; 1, nearly every day; 2, three or four times per week; 3, once or twice per week; 4, two or three times per month; 5, about once per month; 6, less than once per month but at least once per year; 7, none in the last 12 months.