Table 1.
Characteristics of Matched Sample by Neighborhood Alcohol Environment
| Characteristic | Valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 85) | High Liquor and Convenience Stores (≥75th Percentile) (n = 22) | Lower Liquor and Convenience Stores (<75th Percentile) (n = 63) | |
| Sex of child | |||
| Male | 35 (41.2) | 11 (50.0) | 24 (38.1) |
| Female | 50 (58.8) | 11 (50.0) | 39 (61.9) |
| Age of child, y | |||
| ≤6 | 13 (15.3) | 3 (13.6) | 10 (15.9) |
| 7–9 | 37 (43.5) | 10 (45.5) | 27 (42.8) |
| ≥10 | 35 (41.2) | 9 (40.9) | 26 (41.3) |
| Age of caregiver, yb | |||
| 18–29 | 17 (20.2) | 4 (19.1) | 13 (20.6) |
| 30–39 | 52 (61.9) | 9 (47.6) | 42 (66.7) |
| ≥40 | 15 (17.8) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (12.7) |
| Mother’s educational level | |||
| Less than high school | 20 (23.5) | 9 (40.9) | 11 (17.5) |
| High school degree or GED | 24 (28.2) | 6 (27.3) | 18 (28.6) |
| Some college or more | 41 (48.3) | 7 (31.8) | 34 (53.9) |
| Smoking during pregnancyb | 10 (11.8) | 5 (22.7) | 5 (7.9) |
| Smoke exposure in the homec | 18 (21.2) | 8 (36.4) | 10 (15.9) |
| Caregiver drank alcohol in the last monthb | 31 (36.5) | 9 (40.0) | 20 (31.8) |
| Alcohol use in the homec | 37 (43.5) | 12 (54.6) | 25 (39.7) |
| Seen neighbors drinking outside | 44 (51.7) | 12 (54.6) | 32 (50.6) |
| Caregiver drinks in the last month, mean (SD), No. | 3.0 (2.79) | 2.62 (1.60) | 2.27 (3.41) |
| Drinking frequency of individuals in the child’s home in the last 12 mo, mean (SD)b,d | 1.9 (2.4) | 2.4 (2.7) | 1.7 (2.3) |
| Children witnessed domestic violence in homec | 30 (34.8) | 9 (42.3) | 20 (31.7) |
| Children witnessed violence in the neighborhood | 31 (36.7) | 9 (40.7) | 22 (34.9) |
| Telomere length, mean (SD), T/S ratioc | 1.5 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.5) |
| Diurnal cortisol, mean (SD), μg/dL | 2.9 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.1) |
| Acute cortisol, mean (SD), μg/dL | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.5) |
| Liquor or convenience stores per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c | 2.4 (2.7) | 6.1 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.2) |
| Reports of domestic violence per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c | 77.8 (51.2) | 112.5 (95.0) | 65.7 (49.5) |
| Assault rate per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c | 8.3 (7.9) | 16.3 (7.6) | 4.9 (5.3) |
| Homicide rate per 500 m, mean (SD), No.c | 1.1 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.0) |
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development certificate; T/S, telomere to single copy gene.
SI conversion factor: To convert contisol to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. Percentages and estimates based on nonmissing data (<5% were missing across all variables).
b
P < .10.
c
P < .05.
d
Response choices were on a scale of 0 to 7, as follows: 0, at least once per day; 1, nearly every day; 2, three or four times per week; 3, once or twice per week; 4, two or three times per month; 5, about once per month; 6, less than once per month but at least once per year; 7, none in the last 12 months.