Table 4.

Effect of Neighborhood Violence on Diurnal Cortisol Levels

Characteristic	β (SE)	P Value
Direct effect of liquor or convenience stores
Intercept	3.135 (0.354)	<.001
Time since awakening	−0.075 (0.029)	.01
Time since awakening, squared	0.004 (0.002)	.06
Cortisol awakening response	0.621 (0.200)	.06
Liquor or convenience stores within 500 m	0.010 (0.011)	.36
Time × liquor or convenience stores	−0.002 (0.001)	.04
Child sex, female vs male	−0.114 (0.138)	.41
Puberty stage, 0–4a	0.064 (0.054)	.24
Maternal educational level, ordinal	−0.064 (0.098)	.51
Child witnessed neighborhood violence	0.077 (0.167)	.64
Liquor or convenience stores × cortisol awakening response	0.0005 (0.013)	.97
R2, %	16.9
Direct effect of neighborhood domestic violence
Intercept	3.150 (0.4337)	<.001
Time since awakening	−0.086 (0.036)	.02
Time since awakening, squared	0.004 (0.002)	.048
Cortisol awakening response	0.734 (0.387)	.06
Domestic violence reports within 500 m	0.044 (0.133)	.74
Time × domestic violence reports	−0.004 (0.011)	.68
Child sex, female vs male	−0.112 (0.137)	.42
Puberty stage, 0–4a	0.065 (0.054)	.23
Maternal educational level, ordinal	−0.067 (0.097)	.49
Child witnessed neighborhood violence	0.078 (0.165)	.64
R2, %	15.5
Direct effect of neighborhood violent crime
Intercept	3.0181 (0.415)	<.001
Time since awakening	−0.045 (0.034)	.19
Time since awakening, squared	0.004 (0.002)	.05
Cortisol awakening response	0.573 (0.393)	.15
Violent crimes within 500 m	0.169 (0.171)	.32
Time × violent crimes	−0.032 (0.014)	.02
Child sex, female vs male	−0.137 (0.150)	.36
Puberty stage, 0–4a	0.057 (0.057)	.32
Maternal educational level, ordinal	−0.061 (0.086)	.48
Child witnessed neighborhood violence	0.119 (0.153)	.44
Violent crimes × cortisol awakening response	0.032 (0.231)	.89
R2, %	16.9

^aPuberty status categorized by maternal-reported Pubertal Development Scale and converted to Tanner stage 1–4.³⁹