Table 1.
Characteristics by frailty status.
| Characteristic | Not frail | Frail | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 4,646 (93.2%) | 341 (6.8%) | |
| Age, y | 75.4 (5.1) | 78 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 2,561 (55.1%) | 221 (64.8%) | 0.001 |
| Black race | 1,029 (22.1%) | 84 (24.6%) | 0.3 |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||
| <HS | 611 (13.2%) | 76 (22.3%) | |
| HS, GED, or vocational school | 1,914 (41.2%) | 163 (47.8%) | |
| College, graduate, or professional school | 2,121 (45.7%) | 102 (29.9%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.5 | ||
| Current | 271 (5.8%) | 23 (6.7%) | |
| Former/Never | 4,375 (94.2%) | 318 (93.3%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | ||
| Current | 2,359 (50.8%) | 115 (33.7%) | |
| Former/Never | 2,287 (49.2%) | 226 (66.3%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.7 (5.6) | 29.8 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 130.6 (17.9) | 132.0 (20.7) | 0.2 |
| eGFRcr | 69.6 (17.1) | 61.8 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| eGFRcys | 61.8 (19.1) | 47.4 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| ACR, log-transformed | 2.3 [1.8–3.1] | 3.0 [2.1–4.0] | <0.001 |
| DM | 1,744 (37.5%) | 181 (53.1%) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c* | 6.6 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.2) | 0.6 |
| Duration of DM, y | 10.7 (6.3) | 12.5 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Prevalent cardiovascular disease | 1,122 (24.1%) | 143 (41.9%) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 1,200 (25.8%) | 131 (38.4%) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein | 3.9 (6.6) | 5.3 (8) | <0.001 |
| Any HTN medication | 3,516 (75.7%) | 298 (87.4%) | <0.001 |
| No. of medications taken | 8.8 (4.6) | 10.5 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Note: Values for categorical variables are given as percentages; values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range].
*
For participants with DM
ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFRcr, creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate; eGFRcys, cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate; GED, General Education Development; HS, high school; HTN, hypertension;