Table 3.

Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality by substance use adjusted for baseline demographic characteristics and a series of baseline health factors, 1991–2011

	Model 1: Demographics		Model 2: Demographics and Socioeconomic Status		Model 3: Demographics and Health Status		Model 4: Demographics and Health Risk Factors		Model 5: Demographics and Health Systems Factors		Model 6: All variables
	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)
Substance use category (ref: no drug use)
Heroin	2.4 0	1.65– 3.48	2.09	1.43– 3.05	2.01	1.39– 2.91	1.69	1.13– 2.50	2.24	1.52– 3.30	1.47	0.98– 2.22
Cocaine, no heroin	1.2 7	1.04– 1.55	1.25	1.02– 1.53	1.24	1.01– 1.51	1.12	0.90– 1.39	1.25	1.02– 1.52	1.08	0.87– 1.35
Hallucinogens/inhalants, no heroin or cocaine	1.16	0.86– 1.56	1.18	0.88– 1.58	1.11	0.83–1.49	1.04	0.77– 1.41	1.16	0.86– 1.56	1.02	0.75– 1.38
Marijuana, no heroin, cocaine, or hallucinogens/inhalants	0.95	0.82– 1.11	0.97	0.83– 1.13	0.94	0.81–1.10	0.89	0.76– 1.05	0.96	0.83– 1.12	0.89	0.76– 1.04
Age (ref: 18–24)
25–34	1.9 5	1.48– 2.56	2.45	1.85– 3.25	1.96	1.49– 2.57	1.78	1.36– 2.32	2.05	1.56– 2.69	2.15	1.63– 2.84
35–44	4.3 2	3.35– 5.56	5.87	4.47– 7.72	4.15	3.23– 5.33	3.88	3.01– 4.99	4.64	3.61– 5.96	4.84	3.67– 6.38
Sex (ref: female)
Male	1.6 1	1.39– 1.85	1.71	1.48– 1.97	1.77	1.54– 2.05	1.60	1.38– 1.86	1.63	1.41– 1.89	1.79	1.53– 2.09
Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic White)
Hispanic	1.02	0.82– 1.27	0.75	0.59– 0.94	0.88	0.70–1.10	0.97	0.78– 1.21	0.92	0.74– 1.16	0.79	0.62– 0.99
Non-Hispanic Black	1.8 1	1.54– 2.13	1.32	1.11– 1.57	1.49	1.26– 1.76	1.59	1.34– 1.87	1.72	1.46– 2.03	1.23	1.03– 1.46
Other	0.74	0.43– 1.28	0.73	0.43– 1.25	0.71	0.41–1.21	0.79	0.47– 1.32	0.73	0.43– 1.25	0.74	0.44– 1.27
Marital status (ref: married)a
Never married			1.37	1.13– 1.65							1.37	1.14– 1.66
Divorced/separated/widowed			1.40	1.17– 1.69							1.32	1.09– 1.59
Household Income (ref: ≥$20,000 per year)a
<$20,000 per year			1.60	1.41– 1.83							1.24	1.08– 1.41
Education (ref: more than high school)a
Less than high school			2.19	1.85– 2.60							1.36	1.12– 1.64
High school diploma or GED			1.50	1.32– 1.71							1.19	1.04– 1.36
Self-rated health (ref: very good/excellent)a
Good					1.83	1.59– 2.10					1.46	1.26– 1.68
Fair/poor					3.50	2.86– 4.29					2.34	1.90– 2.88
Negative mood (ref: low negative mood)a
Moderate negative mood					1.12	0.96–1.30					1.07	0.91– 1.24
High negative mood					1.55	1.25– 1.91					1.23	1.00– 1.51
Cigarette smoking status (ref: never smoker)a
Current smoker							2.31	1.96– 2.72			1.89	1.59– 2.24
Former smoker							0.85	0.69– 1.06			0.84	0.67– 1.04
Episodic heavy alcohol use status (ref: current drinkers, but no heavy alcohol use episodes)a
≥5 drinks/day once a month or more							1.75	1.42– 2.15			1.60	1.29– 1.99
≥5 drinks/day less than once a month							1.10	0.92– 1.32			1.11	0.93– 1.33
No drinks in past 12 months							1.46	1.24– 1.73			1.33	1.13– 1.58
Physical activity (ref: very active)a
Sedentary							1.38	1.16– 1.64			1.26	1.06– 1.50
Moderately active							1.30	1.04– 1.62			1.28	1.03– 1.60
BMI (ref: normal weight (18.5 to <25))a
Underweight (<18.5)							1.14	0.76– 1.72			1.08	0.72– 1.64
Overweight (25 to <30)							1.08	0.94– 1.25			1.03	0.90– 1.20
Obese (≥30)							1.59	1.35– 1.87			1.33	1.12– 1.57
Time since last routine check-up (ref: <1 year ago)a
1–3 years ago									0.78	0.67– 0.92	0.83	0.71– 0.97
4+ years ago									0.85	0.71– 1.01	0.83	0.70– 0.99
Insurance coverage (ref: has health insurance)a
No health insurance									1.60	1.35– 1.89	1.10	0.92– 1.31
Usual place of care (ref: has a usual place of care)a
No usual place of care									1.01	0.86– 1.19	0.97	0.83– 1.15

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; BMI=body mass index; HR=hazard ratio

^aCategory included for missing responses (HR estimates for missing category not included in the table)