Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Re-Hospitalization and Hospitalization Cohorts.
| Re-hospitalization1 | Hospitalization2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre-reform (n=467,993 ) |
post-reform (n=498,416 ) |
Std Diff |
pre-reform (n=1,658,675 ) |
post-reform (n=1,735,235 ) |
Std Diff |
|
| Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics |
||||||
| Mean age, y | 63.7 | 63.7 | 0.2 | 63.7 | 63.8 | 0.8 |
| Male sex | 52.0 | 51.1 | 1.9 | 48.0 | 47.5 | 0.9 |
| Race/ethnicity3 | ||||||
| American Indian | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Black | 39.2 | 39.8 | 1.1 | 38.6 | 38.6 | 0.1 |
| White | 56.1 | 55.3 | 1.6 | 55.9 | 55.7 | 0.5 |
| Other race | 3.1 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 1.3 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 11.8 | 12.3 | 1.3 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 1.9 |
| Medicaid coverage | 48.8 | 50.1 | 2.5 | 43.8 | 44.5 | 1.6 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 62.5 | 64.8 | 4.6 | 51.8 | 54.3 | 4.8 |
| Coronary disease | 26.5 | 26.9 | 0.9 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 1.0 |
| Cancer | 7.3 | 7.6 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 1.1 |
| Heart failure | 51.2 | 54.8 | 6.9 | 31.1 | 33.5 | 5.2 |
| Pulmonary disease | 28.4 | 32.2 | 8.0 | 17.0 | 19.5 | 6.5 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 18.9 | 19.8 | 2.2 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 1.5 |
| PVD | 31.5 | 32.1 | 1.2 | 19.5 | 20.0 | 1.1 |
| Smoking history | 5.9 | 7.4 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| Paralysis | 3.4 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 |
| Drug or alcohol use | 5.0 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.4 |
| Mean dialysis vintage, d* | 1081 | 1214 | 17.5 | 1092 | 1222 | 17.1 |
| Geographic and Facility Characteristics |
||||||
| Metropolitan | 83.0 | 82.8 | 0.6 | 82.1 | 81.7 | 1.2 |
| For-profit facility | 73.5 | 75.9 | 5.4 | 72.6 | 75.1 | 5.5 |
| Hospital-based facility | 18.5 | 16.4 | 5.6 | 19.0 | 16.8 | 5.6 |
| Mean facility size, no. of | ||||||
| patients | 100.0 | 98.4 | 2.6 | 100.9 | 99.1 | 3.0 |
ESRD, end-stage renal disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; Std Diff, standardized difference
Unless otherwise indicated, values shown are percentage of hospitalizations. ‘n’ denotes the number of index hospitalizations, which can occur more than once for a given patient. The same patient can appear in the pre-reform and post-reform groups if he or she received dialysis in both periods. This cohort includes index hospitalizations in 157,262 patients prior to reimbursement reform and in 168,654 patients following reform.
Unless otherwise indicated, values shown are percentages of patient hemodialysis time. ‘n’ denotes patient hemodialysis time represented by the number of two-month intervals. A given patient can contribute to more than one two-month interval. The same patient can appear in the pre-reform and post-reform groups if he or she received dialysis in both periods. This cohort includes two-month intervals of hemodialysis time in 229,728 patients prior to reimbursement reform and 248,278 patients following reform.
1,926 patients were excluded from the analyses prior to forming cohorts due to missing ethnicity.