Table 4.

Results of the links between stress and studied factors.

Factors	Perceived stress	Perceived helplessness	Perceived self-efficacy
	r	r	r
Gender	−0.13**	−0.1*	−0.17***
Age	0.07	0.09*	−0.02
Year of studies	0.05	0.1*	0.06
Formation and research units	0.05	0.003	0.01
Life satisfaction	−0.49***	−0.42***	−0.45***
Self-esteem	−0.58***	−0.48***	−0.57***
Optimism	−0.52***	−0.44***	−0.48***
Self-efficacy	−0.51***	−0.38***	−0.58***
Psychological distress	0.57***	0.54***	0.45***
Somatic symptoms	0.43***	0.41***	0.34***
Anxiety and insomnia	0.50***	0.49***	0.38***
Social dysfunction	0.19***	0.18***	0.16**
Severe depression	0.53***	0.49***	0.43***

r, Spearman's rank correlation coefficients; p:

^*: 0.05.

^**:0.01.

^****:0.0001.