Table 1.
Characteristics of study population overall and stratified by coronary artery calcium presence at enrollment
| Overall | No CAC | CAC > 0 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6,508 | 3,249 | 3,259 | |
| Age, years | 62.2 ± 10.2 | 58.0 ± 9.1 | 66.4 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
| Male | 3,083 (47.4) | 1,200 (36.9) | 1,883 (57.8) | <0.001 |
| Daily coffee consumption | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 1,554 (25.0) | 833 (27.0) | 721 (23.1) | |
| <1 cup | 1,492 (24.0) | 768 (24.9) | 724 (23.2) | |
| ≥1 cup | 3,159 (50.9) | 1,483 (48.1) | 1,676 (53.7) | |
| Tea | 0.06 | |||
| Never | 3,562 (57.6) | 1,722 (56.1) | 1,840 (59.1) | |
| <1 cup | 1,825 (29.5) | 939 (30.6) | 886 (28.4) | |
| ≥1 cup | 800 (12.9) | 411 (13.4) | 389 (12.5) | |
| Caffeine consumption, mg/day** | 116.6 (32.2 – 254.1) | 110.6 (30.2 – 244.8) | 124.1 (34.2 – 278.1) | 0.18 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 2,540 (39.0) | 1,096 (33.7) | 1,444 (44.3) | |
| Chinese-American | 801 (12.3) | 399 (12.3) | 402 (12.3) | |
| Black | 1,742 (26.8) | 981 (30.2) | 761 (23.4) | |
| Hispanic | 1,425 (21.9) | 773 (23.8) | 652 (20.0) | |
| Education | 0.20 | |||
| <High school | 1,165 (17.9) | 560 (17.3) | 605 (18.6) | |
| High school or equivalent | 3,007 (46.3) | 1,493 (46.0) | 1,514 (46.5) | |
| College, graduate or professional school | 2,328 (35.8) | 1,192 (36.7) | 1,136 (34.9) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 3,289 (50.6) | 1,822 (56.1) | 1,467 (45.1) | |
| Former | 2,395 (36.8) | 1,010 (31.1) | 1,385 (42.5) | |
| Current | 817 (12.6) | 413 (12.7) | 404 (12.4) | |
| Diabetes | 810 (12.5) | 296 (9.1) | 514 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes medication | 628 (9.6) | 224 (6.9) | 404 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Family history of coronary heart disease | 2,607 (42.7) | 1,144 (37.2) | 1,463 (48.2) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 2,421 (37.2) | 925 (28.5) | 1,496 (45.9) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medication | 1,067 (16.4) | 349 (10.8) | 718 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Weekly alcohol (number of drinks) | 2.3 ± 5.3 | 2.0 ± 4.9 | 2.6 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.2 ± 5.4 | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 28.3 ± 5.3 | 0.46 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.5 ± 21.4 | 122.2 ± 20.3 | 130.8 ± 21.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 71.9 ± 10.2 | 71.2 ± 10.2 | 72.6 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 194.1 ± 35.7 | 193.8 ± 34.8 | 194.5 ± 36.5 | 0.39 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dl | 51.0 ± 14.9 | 52.6 ± 15.1 | 49.5 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dl | 117.1 ± 31.3 | 116.0 ± 30.5 | 118.3 ± 32.1 | <0.01 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 131.4 ± 86.7 | 126.7 ± 81.5 | 136.1 ± 91.4 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, CKD-EPI equation mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78.0 ± 16.3 | 81.4 ± 15.3 | 74.5 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dl | 346.1 ± 73.6 | 338.8 ± 70.6 | 353.3 ± 75.7 | <0.001 |
| Dietary consumption | ||||
| Total fat, g/day | 56.5 ± 35.9 | 57.8 ± 37.7 | 55.1 ± 33.9 | <0.01 |
| Total carbohydrates, g/day | 215.2 ± 114.2 | 218.0 ± 118.3 | 212.4 ± 110.1 | 0.05 |
| Red meat, g/day | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Green leafy vegetables, g/day | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
| Fruit, g/day | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 0.33 |
| Total intentional exercise, met-min/week** | 840.0 (123.8 – 2043.8) | 750.0 (105.0 – 1920.0) | 900.0 (157.5 – 2100.0) | 0.01 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/l** | 1.9 (0.8 – 4.2) | 1.9 (0.8 – 4.2) | 1.9 (0.8 – 4.1) | 0.93 |
*
data are mean ± SD or number(%)
**
data are median (IQR)