Table 3.
Relative risk ratios* (95% CIs) for prevalent coronary artery calcium by categories of coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption
| Daily coffee consumption | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| None (n=1,554) | <1 cup (n=1,492) | ≥1 cup (n=3,159) | |
| CAC score 1 – 99 | |||
| No. of cases | 415 | 389 | 831 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.21) |
| CAC score ≥ 100 | |||
| No. of cases | 306 | 335 | 845 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) | 1.25 (1.04, 1.51) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.96, 1.51) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.35) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.93, 1.49) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.35) |
| Daily tea consumption | |||
| None (n=3,562) | <1 cup (n=1,825) | 1 cup (n=800) | |
| CAC score 1 – 99 | |||
| No. of cases | 945 | 455 | 230 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) |
| CAC score ≥ 100 | |||
| No. of cases | 895 | 431 | 159 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.83) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.85) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.84) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) |
| Caffeine consumption (mg/day) | |||
| 1st Tertile (<55) | 2nd Tertile (55–<167) | 3rd Tertile (167–1354) | |
| CAC score 1 – 99 | |||
| No. of cases | 581 | 590 | 555 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.12) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) |
| CAC score ≥ 100 | |||
| No. of cases | 480 | 514 | 539 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) |
*
Relative risk ratios were derived from multinomial logistic regression.
Model 1: age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education.
Model 2: model 1 + smoking (never, former, current), physical activity, total fat, alcohol consumption, fruits quartiles, vegetables quartiles, red meat quartiles
Model 3: model 2 + systolic and diastolic blood pressures, use of antihypertensive medications, lipid-lowering medications, diabetes medications, body mass index, family history of coronary heart disease, diabetes, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride
Model 4: model 3 + C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen