Table 5.
Prospective Studies of Vitamin D and Cancer.
| Reference | Study | Vit D measure | # Cases | # Controls | Outcomes | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [219] | 19-year cohort study of 1,954 men | Diet history | ↑vit D + calcium = ↓colorectal cancer (rates for lowest to highest intakes were 38.9, 24,5, 22,5 and 14.3/1000 population | Significant effect even after adjustments for confounding factors; 2.7 fold reduction. | ||
| [220] | Washington county, Maryland cohort | Serum 25(OH)D | 34 | 67 matched | ↑serum vit D = ↓colon cancer. Relative risk was 0.25 for 3rd quintile and 0.20 for 4th quintile. | 4–5 fold reduction |
| [221] | Physicians' Health Study | Serum 25(OH)D & 1,25(OH)D2 | 232 | 414 | No relation between vitamin D metabolite levels and prostate cancer | |
| [222] | Nurses' Health Study | Dietary and supplement intake | Colon cancer RR = 0.42 (SS) for total vitamin D, comparing top and bottom quintiles | Calcium not related to colon cancer risks; 2.4 fold reduction | ||
| [223] | Finnish clinical cohort | Serum 25(OH)D & 1,25(OH)D2 | 146 | 292 | ↑serum 25(OH)D = ↓risk of rectal cancer, RR by quartile = 1.00, 0.93, 0.77, 0.37, P trend = 0.06. | Serum 25(OH)D 12% lower in cases than in controls (12.2 vs 13.8 ng/l, P = 0.01; 2.7-fold reduction |
| [224] | NHANES I Follow-up Study | Sunlight and diet | 190 women | Cohort matched | Risk reductions for breast cancer for women in regions with high solar radiation (RR 0.35 – 0.75). | |
| [225] | Helsinki Heart Study | Serum 25(OH)D | 149 | 596 | ↑serum 25(OH)D = ↓prostate cancer. 1.7 fold greater risk for below median level compared to above median level. | Young men (<52 years old) with low 25(OH)D had much higher risk of advanced prostate cancer (OR = 6.3) |
| [226] | Randomized controlled trial for colon adenoma recurrence | Serum 25(OH)D & 1,25(OH)D2, and supplementary calcium | 803 subjects total | Above medium 25(OH)D and supplemental calcium reduced adenoma recurrence (RR = 0.71) | Calcium and vitamin D appeared to work together to reduce colon cancer risk. | |
| [227] | Norway, Finland, Sweden cohort of men | Serum 25(OH)D | 622 | 1,451 | ≤ 19 nmol/l and ≥ 80 nmol/l of 25(OH)D at higher risk of prostate cancer. (40–60 nmol/l had lowest risk). |