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. 2017 Jan 20;8:14163. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14163

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The light shading represents the total amount that an indicator of ecosystem integrity (outcome measure, for example, biodiversity or an ecosystem function) is reduced during recovery after a disturbance ceases, that is, the recovery debt. The dark shading represents our estimation of the recovery debt between the time when the measurement of the outcome measure started (Y_s, t_s) and when the measurement ended (Y_e, t_e). The dashed line (Y_r) represents the reference goal value existing in the pre-disturbance state or in another ecosystem with similar conditions that remained ‘undisturbed'.