Fig. 4.

Difference in memory performance (log transformed error score difference) after heading relative to baseline. Immediately after heading, errors were higher compared to baseline on both the (a) Spatial Working Memory SWM (*p < 0.05) and (b) Paired Associated Learning PAL (*p < 0.01) tasks. This increase evident immediately after heading normalized over the four follow-up timepoints (p < 0.01) with error scores apparently returning to baseline level. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals.