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. 2017 Jan 25;7:41301. doi: 10.1038/srep41301

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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(a) Polarization as a function of parameter η during the switching for BaTiO₃ with vacancy. η = 0 is the initial configuration before switching; η = 1 is the final configuration after switching. (b) Change in energy ΔE(η) = E(η) − E(η = 0) as a function of η during polarization switching for BaTiO₃ with vacancy, using the proposed switching pathway in Fig. 4(b).

Inline graphic — (a) Polarization as a function of parameter η during the switching for BaTiO₃ with vacancy. η = 0 is the initial configuration before switching; η = 1 is the final configuration after switching. (b) Change in energy ΔE(η) = E(η) − E(η = 0) as a function of η during polarization switching for BaTiO₃ with vacancy, using the proposed switching pathway in Fig. 4(b).