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. 2017 Jan 25;12(1):e0170569. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170569

Table 2. Percent of Patients who Underwent Amputation and Limb Salvage with Wound, Physical, and Psychological Health Complications.

Injury Characteristics Early Amputation Late Amputation Limb Salvage
n = 440 n = 78 n = 107
Wound complications
    Infection 75%† 82%‡ 63%†,‡
    Osteomyelitis 35%* 53%*,‡ 36%‡
    Nonunion Fractures 10%*,† 44%* 35%†
    Non-healing Wounds 12%* 24%* 19%
    DVT/PE 16% 17% 18%
Physical Health Complications
    Any Pain-related 92% 99% 93%
    Musculoskeletal 98% 99% 100%
    Late Effects—Musculoskeletal Injuries 34%*,† 65%*,‡ 48%†,‡
    Osteoarthritis 10%*,† 21%* 21%†
    Osteoporosis 16% 8% 2%†
    Hypertension 15% 14% 9%
    Lumbago 48% 56%‡ 36%‡
Psychological Complications
    Any Mental Health 89% 89% 82%
    PTSD 49% 58% 51%
    Anxiety 40%* 54%* 40%
    Mood 39%* 55%*,‡ 36%‡
    Adjustment 46% 53% 43%
    Substance Abuse 21%* 31%* 27%

Differences between unilateral groups (p < 0.05 chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate) were *early amputation versus late amputation, †early amputation versus limb salvage, and ‡late amputation versus limb salvage.

PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, DVT/PE = deep vessel thrombosis/pulmonary embolism.